Becvar, D. S. (2007). Families that flourish: Facilitating resilience in clinical practice. WW Norton & Company. Birtchnell, J. (1975). Psychiatric breakdown following recent parent death. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 48(4), 379–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1975.tb02346.x Bonanno, G. A., Wortman, C. B., Lehman, D. R., Tweed, R. G., Haring, M., Sonnega, J., Carr, D., & Nesse, R. M. (2002). Resilience to loss and chronic grief: A prospective study from preloss to 18-months postloss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1150-1164. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.83.5.1150 Brent, D. A., Perper, J. A., Moritz, G., Liotus, L., Schweers, J., & Canobbio, R. (1994). Major depression or uncomplicated bereavement? A follow-up of youth exposed to suicide. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(2), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199402000-00012 Brewer, N. T., Weinstein, N. D., Cuite, C. L., & Herrington, J. E. (2004). Risk perceptions and their relation to risk behavior. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 27(2), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm2702_7 Burton, A. M., Haley, W. E., & Small, B. J. (2006). Bereavement after caregiving or unexpected death: Effects on elderly spouses. Aging and Mental Health, 10(3), 319–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860500410045 Bush, J., Phillimore, P., Pless-Mulloli, T., & Thompson, C. (2005). Carcass disposal and siting controversy: Risk, dialogue and confrontation in the 2001 foot-and-mouth outbreak. Local Environment, 10(6), 649–664. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830500321907 Carey, M. P., Braaten, L. S., Jaworski, B. C., Durant, L. E., & Forsyth, A. D. (1999). Hiv and aids relative to other health, social, and relationship concerns among low-income urban women: A brief report. Journal of Women’s Health and Gender-Based Medicine, 8(5), 657–661. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.1.1999.8.657 Carr, D. (2004). Gender, preloss marital dependence, and older adults’ adjustment to widowhood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(1), 220–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00016.x Conner, M., & Norman, P. (2005). Predicting health behaviour. UK: McGraw-Hill Education. De Cock, K. M., Jaffe, H. W., & Curran, J. W. (2011). Reflections on 30 years of aids. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17(6), 1044-1048. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid/1706.100184 Drew, S. (2007). Having cancer changed my life, and changed my life forever’: Survival, illness legacy and service provision following cancer in childhood. Chronic Illness, 3(4), 278–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742395307085236 Egnew, T. R. (2005). The meaning of healing: Transcending suffering. The Annals of Family Medicine, 3(3), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.313 Elwert, F., & Christakis, N. A. (2008). The effect of widowhood on mortality by the causes of death of both spouses. American Journal of Public Health, 98(11), 2092–2098. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114348 Fauci, A. S., & Morens, D. M. (2012). The perpetual challenge of infectious diseases. New England Journal of Medicine, 366(5), 454–461. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1108296 Folkman, S., & Greer, S. (2000). Promoting psychological well-being in the face of serious illness: When theory, research and practice inform each other. Psycho-Oncology: Journal of the Psychological, Social and Behavioural Dimensions of Cancer, 9(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1611(200001/02)9:1<11::aid-pon424>3.0.co;2-z Gallacher, J., Bronstering, K., Palmer, S., Fone, D., & Lyons, R. (2007). Symptomatology attributable to psychological exposure to a chemical incident: A natural experiment. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 61(6), 506–512. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2006.046987 Greene, G., Turley, R., Mann, M., Amlôt, R., Page, L., & Palmer, S. (2014). Differing community responses to similar public health threats: A cross-disciplinary systematic literature review. Science of the Total Environment, 470, 759–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.031 Greyson, B., & Khanna, S. (2014). Spiritual transformation after near-death experiences. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 1(1), 43-45. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000010 Guidotti, T. L., & Jacobs, P. (1993). The implications of an epidemiological mistake: A community’s response to a perceived excess cancer risk. American Journal of Public Health, 83(2), 233–239. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.83.2.233 Horowitz, M. J., Krupnick, J., Kaltreider, N., Wilner, N., Leong, A., & Marmar, C. (1981). Initial psychological response to parental death. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38(3), 316–323. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780280084010 Hughes, M. E., & Waite, L. J. (2009). Marital biography and health at mid-life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50(3), 344–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650905000307 Kilpatrick, A. M., & Randolph, S. E. (2012). Drivers, dynamics, and control of emerging vector-borne zoonotic diseases. The Lancet, 380(9857), 1946–1955. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61151-9 Lau, J. T., Yang, X., Pang, E., Tsui, H. Y., Wong, E., & Wing, Y. K. (2005). Sars-related perceptions in hong kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(3), 417-424. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15757557/ Lee, G. R., & DeMaris, A. (2007). Widowhood, gender, and depression: A longitudinal analysis. Research on Aging, 29(1), 56–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027506294098 Leung, G. M., Quah, S., Ho, L. M., Ho, S. Y., Hedley, A. J., Lee, H. P., & Lam, T. H. (2004). A tale of two cities: Community psychobehavioral surveillance and related impact on outbreak control in hong kong and singapore during the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 25(12), 1033–1041. https://doi.org/10.1086/502340 Liu, W.-M., Forbat, L., & Anderson, K. (2019). Correction: Death of a close friend: Short and long-term impacts on physical, psychological and social well-being. PloS One, 14(5), e0218026. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218026 Lucas, R. E., Clark, A. E., Georgellis, Y., & Diener, E. (2003). Reexamining adaptation and the set point model of happiness: reactions to changes in marital status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 527-539. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.3.527 Melhem, N. M., Porta, G., Shamseddeen, W., Payne, M. W., & Brent, D. A. (2011). Grief in children and adolescents bereaved by sudden parental death. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(9), 911–919. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.101 Morens, D. M., & Fauci, A. S. (2013). Emerging infectious diseases: threats to human health and global stability. PLoS Pathogens, 9(7), e1003467. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003467 Moskowitz, J. T., Hult, J. R., Bussolari, C., & Acree, M. (2009). What works in coping with hiv? A meta-analysis with implications for coping with serious illness. Psychological Bulletin, 135(1), 121-141. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014210 Ong, A. D., Fuller-Rowell, T. E., & Bonanno, G. A. (2010). Prospective predictors of positive emotions following spousal loss. Psychology and Aging, 25(3), 653-660. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018870 Perrins, J., King, N., & Collings, J. (1998). Assessment of long-term psychological well-being following intensive care. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 14(3), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0964-3397(98)80351-0 Rowan, K. M. (1992). Outcome comparisons of intensive care units in Great Britain and Ireland using the APACHE II method. Oxford: University of Oxford. Rubin, G. J., Amlôt, R., Page, L., & Wessely, S. (2009). Public perceptions, anxiety, and behaviour change in relation to the swine flu outbreak: Cross sectional telephone survey. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 339(7713), 156. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2651 Rubin, G. J., Finn, Y., Potts, H. W. W., & Michie, S. (2015). Who is sceptical about emerging public health threats? Results from 39 national surveys in the united kingdom. Public Health, 129(12), 1553–1562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2015.09.004 Rubin, G. J., Potts, H. W. W., & Michie, S. (2010). The impact of communications about swine flu (influenza a h1n1v) on public responses to the outbreak: Results from 36 national telephone surveys in the uk. Health Technology Assessment, 14(34), 183–266. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta14340-03 Schulz, R., & Beach, S. R. (1999). Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: The caregiver health effects study. JAMA, 282(23), 2215–2219. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.23.2215 Setbon, M., & Raude, J. (2009). Population response to the risk of vector-borne diseases: Lessons learned from socio-behavioural research during large-scale outbreaks. Emerging Health Threats Journal, 2, e6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22460287/ Smith, R. D. (2006). Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks: Lessons from sars on the role of risk perception, communication and management. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 63(12), 3113–3123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.004 Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Stroebe, W. (2007). Health outcomes of bereavement. The Lancet (British Edition), 370(9603), 1960–1973. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61816-9 Stroebe, W., & Stroebe, M. S. (1987). Bereavement and health: The psychological and physical consequences of partner loss. Cambridge University Press. Sutton, S. (1987). Social-psychological approaches to understanding addictive behaviours: Attitude-behaviour and decision-making models. British Journal of Addiction, 82(4), 355–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01492.x Taylor, S. (2020). Transformation through loss and grief: A study of personal transformation following bereavement. The Humanistic Psychologist, 49(3), 381-399. https://doi.org/10.1037/hum0000172 Tedlie Moskowitz, J., & Wrubel, J. (2005). Coping with hiv as a chronic illness: A longitudinal analysis of illness appraisals. Psychology & Health, 20(4), 509–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440412331337075 Tyson, J. (2013). Turning a tragedy into a tribute: A literature review of creating meaning after loss of a loved one. Illness, Crisis & Loss, 21(4), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.2190/IL.21.4.e Umberson, D., & Chen, M. D. (1994). Effects of a parent’s death on adult children: Relationship salience and reaction to loss. American Sociological Review, 59(1), 152–168. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096138 Umberson, D., Wortman, C. B., & Kessler, R. C. (1992). Widowhood and depression:Explaining long-term gender differences in vulnerability. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33(1), 10–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136854 van Eys, J. (1988). Is all well with the young man, Absalom. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. Weinstein, N. D. (1993). Testing four competing theories of health-protective behavior. Health Psychology, 12(4), 324-333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.12.4.324 Williams, K. (2003). Has the future of marriage arrived? A contemporary examination of gender, marriage, and psychological well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior,44(4), 470-487. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519794 Wurm, S., Tomasik, M. J., & Tesch-Römer, C. (2008). Serious health events and their impact on changes in subjective health and life satisfaction: The role of age and a positive view on ageing. European Journal of Ageing, 5(2), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-008-0077-5 Zisook, S., Chentsova-Dutton, Y., & Shuchter, S. R. (1998). Ptsd following bereavement. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 10(4), 157–163. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022342028750

Anthony J. C., Warner L. A., Kessler R. C. (1994). Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants: Basic findings from the national comorbidity survey. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2(3), 244–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/1064-1297.2.3.244 Arendt, M., Rosenberg, R., Foldager, L., Perto, G., & Munk-Jørgensen, P. (2005). Cannabis-induced psychosis and subsequent schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: Follow-up study of 535 incident cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187(6), 510-515. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.6.510 Arkowitz, H., & Lilienfeld, S. (2021, March 1). Experts tell the truth about pot. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-truth-about-pot/ Bab, I., Zimmer, A., & Melamed, E. (2009). Cannabinoids and the skeleton: From marijuana to reversal of bone loss. Annals of Medicine (Helsinki), 41(8), 560-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890903121025 Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. (2019). 7 things about edible cannabis. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-06/CCSA-7-Things-About-Edible-Cannabis-2019-en.pdf Corey-Bloom, J., Wolfson, T., Gamst, A., Jin, S., Marcotte, T. D., Bentley, H., & Gouaux, B. (2012). Smoked cannabis for spasticity in multiple sclerosis: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 184(10), 1143-1150. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.110837 Crane, M. (2021). Dangers of marijuana: Long-term effects of pot on the brain and body. American Addiction Centers. https://americanaddictioncenters.org/marijuana-rehab/long-term-effects Freeman, T. P., & Winstock, A. R. (2015). Examining the profile of high-potency cannabis and its association with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 45(15), 3181-3189. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001178 Government of Canada. (2019). Cannabis: Lower your risks. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/lower-your-risks.html Government of Canada. (2020). Canadian cannabis survey 2020: Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a4 Greco, R., Gasperi, V., Maccarrone, M., & Tassorelli, C. (2010). The endocannabinoid system and migraine. Experimental Neurology, 224(1), 85-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.03.029 Green, B., Kavanagh, D., & Young, R. (2003). Being stoned: A review of self-reported cannabis effects. Drug and Alcohol Review, 22(4), 453-460. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230310001613976 Grewal, J. K., & Loh, L. C. (2020). Health considerations of the legalization of cannabis edibles. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 192(1), E1-E2. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191217 Grewal. S., & George. T. (2017). Cannabis-induced psychosis: A review. Psychiatric Times, 34(7). https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/cannabis-induced-psychosis-review Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use? Addiction (Abingdon, Endlang), 110(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12703 Hamilton, H. A., Brands, B., Ialomiteanu, A. R., & Mann, R. E. (2017). Therapeutic use of cannabis: Prevalence and characteristics among adults in ontario, canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 108(3), e282-e287. https://doi.org/10.17269/CJPH.108.6130 Hasin, D. S., Saha, T. D., Kerridge, B. T., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Zhang, H., Jung, J., Pickering, R. P., Ruan, W. J., Smith, S. M., Huang, B., & Grant, B. F. (2015). Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the united states between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(12), 1235-1242. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858 Holt. J. (2021, January 18). The pros and cons of using marijuana recreationally. Grow Diaries. https://growdiaries.com/journal/the-pros-and-cons-of-using-cannabis-recreationally Jones, K. A., Blagrove, M., & Parrott, A. C. (2009). Cannabis and ecstasy/mdma: Empirical measures of creativity in recreational users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 41(4), 323-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2009.10399769 Joy, J. E., Watson, S. J., Benson, J. A., NetLibrary, I., Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Division of Neuroscience and Behavioral Health, & Institute of Medicine. (1999;2000;2005;). In Janet E. Joy, John A. Benson J. and Stanley J. Watson J.(Eds.), Marijuana and medicine: Assessing the science base. National Academy Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/6376 Kouri, E., Pope, H. G., Yurgelun-Todd, D., & Gruber, S. (1995). Attributes of heavy vs. occasional marijuana smokers in a college population. Biological Psychiatry (1969), 38(7), 475-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)00325-W Ksir, C., & Hart, C. L. (2016). Cannabis and psychosis: A critical overview of the relationship. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0657-y Lachenmeier, D. W., & Rehm, J. (2015). Comparative risk assessment of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other illicit drugs using the margin of exposure approach. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 8126. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08126 Liu, Q., Wu, Z., Liu, Y., Chen, L., Zhao, H., Guo, H., Zhu, K., Wang, W., Chen, S., Zhou, N.,Li, Y., & Shi, B. (2020). Cannabinoid receptor 2 activation decreases severity of cyclophosphamide‐ induced cystitis via regulating autophagy. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 39(1), 158-169. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.24205 Long and short-term effects of cannabis. (2018, June 21). Portage. https://portage.ca/en/blog/long-and-short-term-effects-of-cannabis/ MacCallum, C.A., & Russo, E. B. (2018). Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004 Mundell, E., J. (2020, March 18). One joint may cause psychotic symptoms: Study. A Family Pharmacy Apple Valley. https://www.afamilypharmacy.com/patient-resources/article/755848/one-joint-may-cause-psychotic-symptoms-study National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017 Jan 12.  https://doi.org/10.17226/24625 Peki, W. (2021). 61 potential benefits of marijuana and its cannabinoids that are backed by scientific research. Herbonaut. https://www.herbonaut.com/benefits-of-marijuana/ Ramo, D. E., Delucchi, K. L., Hall, S. M., Liu, H., & Prochaska, J. J. (2013). Marijuana and tobacco co-use in young adults: Patterns and thoughts about use. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 74(2), 301-310. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2013.74.301 Ramos Barreda, A., De Leon, K., & Urmas, S. (2018). A simple guide to pot, thc and how much is too much. LA Times. https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-me-weed-101-thc-calculator/ Reiman, A. (2009). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs. Harm Reduction Journal, 6(1), 35-35. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-6-35 Rosenberg, E. C., Tsien, R. W., Whalley, B. J., & Devinsky, O. (2015). Cannabinoids and epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics, 12(4), 747-768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0375-5 Rubinstein, M. L., Rait, M. A., & Prochaska, J. J. (2014). Frequent marijuana use is associated with greater nicotine addiction in adolescent smokers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 141, 159-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.015 Szaflarski, Jerzy P., MD, PhD, & Devinsky, O. (2017). Cannabinoids and epilepsy —introduction. Epilepsy & Behavior, 70(Pt B), 277-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.01.015 Wall, J., Davis, S., & Ridgway, S. (2001). Cannabis: Its therapeutic use. Nursing Standard, 16(10), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns2001.11.16.10.39.c3123 Ware, M. A., Wang, T., Shapiro, S., Robinson, A., Ducruet,T., Huynh, T., Gamsa, A., Bennett, G. J., & Collet, J. (2010). Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: A randomized controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 182(14), E694-E701. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091414 Watkins. M., (2020, August 17). Marijuana (weed, cannabis) overdose symptoms, signs & treatment. American Addictions Centers. https://drugabuse.com/drugs/marijuana/overdose/ Webb, C. W., & Webb, S. M. (2014). Therapeutic benefits of cannabis: A patient survey.Hawai'i Journal of Medicine & Public Health, 73(4), 109-111. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24765558/ Weckowicz, T. E. (1975). Effect of marijuana on divergent and convergent production cognitive tests. Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1965), 84(4), 386-398. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.84.4.386 World Health Organization. (2016). The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/251056

Abdallah, S. J., Smith, B. M., Ware, M. A., Moore, M., Li, P. Z., Bourbeau, J., & Jensen, D. (2018). Effect of vaporized cannabis on exertional breathlessness and exercise endurance in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 15(10), 1146-1158. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201803-198OC Aldington, S., Williams, M., Nowitz, M., Weatherall, M., Pritchard, A., McNaughton, A., Robinson, G., & Beasley, R. (2007). Effects of cannabis on pulmonary structure,function and symptoms. Thorax, 62(12), 1058-1063. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2006.077081 Baczynsky, W. O., & Zimmerman, A. M. (1983a). Effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and cannabidiol on the immune system in mice. I. In vivo investigation of the primary and secondary immune response. Pharmacology, 26(1), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1159/000137763 Baczynsky, W. O., & Zimmerman, A. M. (1983b). Effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and cannabidiol on the immune system in mice: II. In vitro investigation using cultured mouse splenocytes. Pharmacology, 26(1), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1159/000137764 BC Lung Foundation. (2019). Cannabis and Lung Health. https://bclung.ca/how-we-can-help/cannabis-and-lung-health Biles, M. (2019). Cannabis & the immune system: A complex balancing act. Project CBD. https://www.projectcbd.org/science/cannabis-and-immune-system CDC. (2018). Marijuana and public health: Immune function. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/marijuana/nas/immune-function.html Coggans, N., Dalgarno, P., Johnson, L., & Shewan, D. (2020). Long-term heavy cannabis use: Implications for health education. Drugs: Education Prevention and Policy, 11(4), 299-313. https://doi.org/10.108009687630410001687860 Croxford, J. L., & Yamamura, T. (2005). Cannabinoids and the immune system: potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases? Journal of Neuroimmunology, 166(1-2), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.04.023 Dax, E.M., Pilotte, N.S., Adler, W.H., Nagel, J.E., & Lange, W. R. (1989). The effects of 9-ene-tetrahydrocannabinol on hormone release and immune function. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, 34(1-6), 263-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(89)90090-3 Earleywine, M., & Barnwell, S. S. (2007). Decreased respiratory symptoms in cannabis users who vaporize. Harm Reduction Journal, 4(11). https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-4-11 Gates, P., Jaffe, A., & Copeland, J. (2014). Cannabis smoking and respiratory health: Consideration of the literature. Respirology, 19(5), 655-662. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12298 Hancox, R. J., Poulton, R., Ely, M., Welch, D., Taylor, D. R., McLachlan, C. R., Greene, J. M., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Sears, M. R. (2010). Effects of cannabis on lung function: A population-based cohort study. The European Respiratory Journal, 35(1), 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00065009 He, T., Oks, M., Esposito, M., Steinberg, H., & Makaryus, M. (2017). “Tree-in-bloom”: Severe acute lung injury induced by vaping cannabis oil. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201612-974LE Hui-ChihWu, J. (2014). Evidence brief: Communicable disease impacts of sharing electronic-cigarettes with drip tips. Public Health Ontario. https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/eb-ecig-communicable-driptip.pdf?la=en Joshi, M., Joshi, A., & Bartter, T. (2014). Marijuana and lung diseases. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 20(2), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000026 Keen, L., 2nd, Abbate, A., Blanden, G., Priddie, C., Moeller, F. G., & Rathore, M. (2017). Confirmed marijuana use and lymphocyte count in black people living with hiv. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 180, 22–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.026 (Retraction published Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019 May 1;198:199) Klein, T. W., & Friedman, H. (1990). Modulation of murine immune cell function by marijuana components. In R. R. Watson (Ed.), Drugs of Abuse and Immune Function, (pp. 87-112). CRC Press. https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=5ePEDE1-r5YC&oi=fnd&pg=PA87&dq=Klein+and+Friedman,+1990+immune&ots=_Jh7HBFTTJ&sig=hFM-xogPK0HMXqIPGhHtw5M0-hg#v=onepage&q=Klein%20and%20Friedman%2C%201990%20immune&f=false Klein, T. W., Friedman, H., Specter, S. (1998, March 15). Marijuana, immunity, and infection. The Journal of Neuroimmunology, 83(1-2), 102-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-5728(97)00226-9 Klein, T. W., Newton, C., & Friedman, H. (1986). Inhibition of natural killer cell function by marijuana components. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 20(4), 321- 332. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287398709530986 Lee, M. H. S., & Hancox, R. J. (2011). Effects of smoking cannabis on lung function. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 5(4), 537-547. https://doi.org/10.1586/ers.11.40 Marcellin, F., Lions, C., Rosenthal, E., Roux, P., Sogni, P., Wittkop, L., Protopopescu, C., Spire, B., Salmon-Ceron, D., Dabis, F., Carrieri, M. P., & HEPAVIH ANRS CO13 StudyGroup (2017). No significant effect of cannabis use on the count and percentage of circulating cd4 t-cells in hiv-hcv co-infected patients (anrs co13-hepavih french cohort). Drug and Alcohol Review, 36(2), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12398 Martin, R., Safaee, S. D., Somsamouth, K., Mounivong, B., Sinclair, R., Bansal, S., & Singh,P. N. (2013). Mixed methods pilot study of sharing behaviors among waterpipe smokers of rural lao pdr: Implications for infectious disease transmission. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(6), 2120-2132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10062120 McInnis, O. A., & Plecas, D. (2016). Clearing the smoke on cannabis: Respiratory effects of cannabis smoking: An update. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-04/CCSA-Cannabis-Use-Respiratory-Effects-Report-2016-en.pdf Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research. (2018).What effects does smoking cannabis have on the respiratory system? McMaster University MDCMCR. https://cannabisresearch.mcmaster.ca/news/2018/04/27/cannabis-smoking-and-effects-on-the-respiratory-system Molina, P. E., Amedee, A. M., LeCaptaine, N. J., Zabaleta, J., Mohan, M., Winsauer, J., Vande Stouwe, C., McGoey, R. R., Auten, M. W., LaMotte, L., Chandra, L. C., & Birke, L. L. (2014). Modulation of gut-specific mechanisms by chronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration in male rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus: A systems biology analysis. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 30(6), 567-578. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2013.0182 Molina, P. E., Winsauer, P., Zhang, P., Walker, E., Birke, L., Amedee, A., Stouwe, C. V., Troxclair, D., McGoey, R., Varner, K., Byerley, L., & LaMotte, L. (2011). Cannabinoid administration attenuates the progression of simian immunodeficiency virus. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 27(6), 585–592. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2010.0218 Munckhof, W. J., Konstantinos, A., Wamsley, M., Mortlock, M., & Gilpin, C. (2003). A cluster of tuberculosis associated with use of a marijuana water pipe. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 7(9), 860–865. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12971670/ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017 Jan 12. https://doi.org/10.17226/24625 National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019). What are marijuana's effects on lung health? https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/what-are-marijuanas-effects-lung-health Papatheodorou, S. I., Buettner, H., Rice, M. B., & Mittleman, M. A. (2016). Recent marijuana use and associations with exhaled nitric oxide and pulmonary function in adults in the united states. Chest, 149(6), 1428-1435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2015.12.033 Patel, V., Borysenko, M., Kumar, M. S. A., & Millard, W.J. (1985). Effects of acute and subchronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration on the plasma catecholamine, β-endorphin, and corticosterone levels and splenic natural killer cell activity in rats. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 180(2), 400–404. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-180-42195 Pletcher, M. J., Vittinghoff, E., Kalhan, R., Richman, J., Safford, M., Sidney, S., Lin, F., & Kertesz, S. (2012). Association between marijuana exposure and pulmonary function over 20 years. JAMA, 307(2), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1961 Ribeiro, L., & Ind, P. (2016). S127 effect of cannabis smoking on the development of bullous lung disease: A structured literature review. Thorax, 71, A74-A76. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209333.133 Statistics Canada. (2018). Canadian tobacco, alcohol and drugs (ctads) survey: 2017 detailed tables. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey/2017-summary/2017-detailed-tables.html#t16 Tan, W.C., Lo, C., Jong, A., Xing, L., FitzGerald, M.J., Vollmer, W.M., Buist, S.A., & Sin, D.D. (2009). Marijuana and chronic obstructive lung disease: A population-based study. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal, 180(8), 814-820. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.081040 Tashkin, D.P. & Roth, M.D. (2019). Pulmonary effects of inhaled cannabis smoke. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 45(6), 596-609. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1627366 Taylor, D. R., Fergusson, D. M., Milne, B. J., Horwood, L. J., Moffitt, T. E., Sears, M. R., & Poulton, R. (2002). A longitudinal study of the effects of tobacco and cannabis exposure on lung function in young adults. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 97(8), 1055–1061. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00169.x Tetrault, J.M., Crothers, K., Moore, B.A., Mehra, R., Concato, & J., Fiellin, D.A. (2007). Effects of marijuana smoking on pulmonary function and respiratory complications: A systematic review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(3), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.3.221 Thu, K., Hayes, M., Miles, S., Tierney, L., & Foy, A. (2013). Marijuana 'bong' smoking and tuberculosis. Internal Medicine Journal, 43(4), 456–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.12089 Van Dam, N. T., & Earleywine, M. (2010). Pulmonary function in cannabis users: Support for a clinical trial of the vaporizer. International Journal on Drug Policy, 21(6), 511–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.04.001 Wu, T. C., Tashkin, D. P., Djahed, B., & Rose, J. E. (1988). Pulmonary hazards of smoking marijuana as compared with tobacco. The New England Journal of Medicine, 318(6), 347–351. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198802113180603

Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario. (n.d.). First allocation of stores - Expression of interest lottery. https://www.agco.ca/cannabis/cannabis-retail-lottery Cannabis Act (S.C. 2018, c. 16). https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-24.5/ Cannabis Regulations (SOR/2018-144). https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Regulations/SOR-2018-144/index.html  CDPE. (2020, October 14). Canada’s legal cannabis industry lacks diversity, a new policy brief by the centre on drug policy evaluation and the university of toronto finds. https://cdpe.org/canadas-legal-cannabis-industry-lacks-diversity/#:~:text=The%20new%20policy%20brief%20found,%2C%20and%201%25%20Latinx). Government of Canada. (2016, December 13). A framework for the legalization and regulation of cannabis in canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/task-force-cannabis-legalization-regulation/framework-legalization-regulation-cannabis-in-canada.html#a2.2 Government of Canada. (2019). Final regulations: Edible cannabis, cannabis extracts, cannabis topicals. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/documents/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/final-regulations-edible-cannabis-extracts-topical-eng.pdf Government of Canada. (2019, December 23). Summary of results for the canadian student tobacco, alcohol and drugs survey 2018-19. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-student-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey/2018-2019-summary.html Government of Canada. (2019, June 14). Directory of nutrition facts table formats for edible cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/regulations-support-cannabis-act/directory-nutrition-facts-table-formats-edible.html Government of Canada. (2019, November 5). The cannabis act and cannabis regulations: Promotion prohibitions. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/promotion-prohibitions.html Government of Canada. (2020). Canadian cannabis survey 2020: Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a4 Government of Canada. (2021). Authorized cannabis retailers in the provinces and territories. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/provinces-territories.html Government of Canada. (2021, February 3). Cannabis legalization and regulation. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/cannabis/ Health Canada. (2018). Cannabis public education activities. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/news/2018/06/cannabis-public-education-activities.html Health Canada, Cannabis Legalization and Regulation Branch. (2018). Promotion prohibitions under the cannabis act. https://commb.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/25152254/Cannabis_Act_Promotion_Prohibitions_EN.pdf Lisdahl, K. M., Gilbart, E. R., Wright, N. E., & Shollenbarger, S. (2013). Dare to delay? The impacts of adolescent alcohol and marijuana use onset on cognition, brain structure, and function. Frontiers in psychiatry, 4, 53. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00053 Pfeffer, A. (2019, November 13). Pot producers implore ontario to open more stores. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/pot-producers-implore-ontario-open-stores-1.5357101 Rotermann, M. (2020, February 19). What has changed since cannabis was legalized? Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2020002/article/00002-eng.htm Solowij, N., Jones, K. A., Rozman, M. E., Davis, S. M., Ciarrochi, J., Heaven, P. C., Lubman, D. I., & Yücel, M. (2011). Verbal learning and memory in adolescent cannabis users, alcohol users and non-users. Psychopharmacology, 216(1), 131–144.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2203-x Tobacco and Vaping Products Act, S.C. 1997, c. 13. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/t-11.5/

Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Martín-Santos, R., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., McGuire, P., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2009). Cannabis and anxiety: A critical review of the evidence. Human Psychopharmacology, 24(7), 515-523. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1048 Darkovska-Serafimovska, M., Serafimovska, T., Arsova-Sarafinovska, Z., Stefanoski, S., Keskovski, Z., & Balkanov, T. (2018). Pharmacotherapeutic considerations for use of cannabinoids to relieve pain in patients with malignant diseases. Journal of Pain Research, 11, 837-842. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S160556 Government of Canada. (2018, October 17). About cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/about.html Grinspoon, P. (2020, September 24). Cannabidiol (cbd)-What we know and what we don’t. Harvard Health Publishing. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cannabidiol-cbd-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-2018082414476 Guimarães, F. S., Chiaretti, T. M., Graeff, F. G., and Zuardi, A. W. (1990). Antianxiety effect of cannabidiol in the elevated plus-maze. Psychopharmacology, 100(4), 558–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244012 How cbd can be taken: 4 different delivery methods. (2020). Phytoextractum. https://www.phytoextractum.com/resources/how-cbd-can-be-taken-4-different-delivery-methods/ Leweke, F. M., Piomelli, D., Pahlisch, F., Muhl, D., Gerth, C. W., Hoyer, C., Klosterkötter, J., Hellmich, M., & Koethe, D. (2012). Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Translational Psychiatry, 2(3), e94-e94. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.15 Lowe, D. J. E., Sasiadek, J. D., Coles, A. S., & George, T. P. (2019). Cannabis and mental illness: A review. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 269(1), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-018-0970-7 McGuire, P., Robson, P., Cubala, W. J., Vasile, D., Morrison, P. D., Barron, R., Taylor, A., & Wright, S. (2018). Cannabidiol (cbd) as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(3), 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030325 Pearson, J., Martin, A., Horgan, K., Wittreich, J., Gertz, B., & Lindley, C. (2000). Vomiting-and nausea-specific quality of life in patients with acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced emesis. Quality of Life Research, 9(3), 296-296. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4036294 Rexaline, S. (2019, March 7). Cbd vs. thc: The science behind most popular cannabinoids. Benzinga. https://www.benzinga.com/markets/cannabis/19/03/13312269/cbd-vs-thc-the-science-behind-the-most-popular-cannabinoids?utm_sq=g0v89su8hc&utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ParkAmerican&utm_content=NewsArticles Shannon, S., & Opila-Lehman, J. (2016). Effectiveness of cannabidiol oil for pediatric anxiety and insomnia as part of posttraumatic stress disorder: A case report. Permanente Journal, 20(4), 16-005. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/16-005

Browne, J. (2016). How to smoke weed for maximum enjoyment: Tips for first-timers. The Cannabist. https://www.thecannabist.co/2016/10/07/how-to-smoke-weed-tips-enjoying-first-high/60322/ Dalgarno, P., & Shewan, D. (2005). Reducing the risks of drug use: The case for set and setting. Addiction Research & Theory, 13(3), 259-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350500053562 Fagan, J. (1993). Set and setting revisited: Influences of alcohol and illicit drugs on the social context of violent events. Alcohol and Interpersonal Violence: Fostering Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 93, 161-191. https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZYNHAAAAMAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA161&ots=hP-mvJ4t5B&sig=ghOAlNSJ5c-515ohlb9ogd7XVxY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Goulding, C., Shankar, A., Elliott, R., & Canniford, R. (2009). The marketplace management of illicit pleasure. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(5), 759-771. https://doi.org/10.1086/592946 Haijen, E. C., Kaelen, M., Roseman, L., Timmermann, C., Kettner, H., Russ, S., Nutt, D., Daws, R. E., Hampshire, A. D. G., Lorenz, R., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018). Predicting responses to psychedelics: A prospective study. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 897. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00897 Hartogsohn, I. (2017). Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting. Drug Science, Policy and Law. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325 Janikian, M. (2020). Why don’t we talk about “Set and setting” when it comes to cannabis? Merry Jane. https://merryjane.com/culture/why-dont-we-talk-about-set-and-setting-when-it-comes-to-cannabis Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S., & Murphy, S. (2015a). A safer alternative: Cannabis substitution as harm reduction. Drug and Alcohol Review, 34(6), 654-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12275 Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S., & Murphy, S. (2015b). Responsible and controlled use: Older cannabis users and harm reduction. The International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(8), 709-718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.008 Leary, T., Litwin, G. H., & Metzner, R. (1963). Reactions to psilocybin administered in a supportive environment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 137(6), 561-573. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-196312000-00007 Mason, N. L., Dolder, P. C., & Kuypers, K. P. (2020). Reported effects of psychedelic use on those with low well-being given various emotional states and social contexts. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 6, 2050324519900068. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324519900068 McElrath, K., & McEvoy, K. (2002). Negative experience on ecstasy: The role of drug, set and setting. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 34(2), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2002.10399954 Metzner, R., & Leary, T. (1967). On programming psychedelic experiences. Psychedelic Review, 9, 5-19. https://maps.org/research-archive/psychedelicreview/n09/n09005met.pdf Monshouwer, K., Van Laar, M., Vollebergh, W. A. (2011). Buying cannabis in ‘coffee shops’. Drug and Alcohol Review, 30(2), 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00268.x Neitzke-Spruill, L. (2020). Race as a component of set and setting: How experiences of race can influence psychedelic experiences. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 4(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.022 NORML. (1996). Principles of responsible cannabis use. https://norml.org/principles/ Schall, M., Kemeny, A., & Maltzman, I. (1992). Factors associated with alcohol use in university students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53(2), 122-136. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1992.53.122 Schlag, A. K., Hindocha, C., Zafar, R., Nutt, D. J., & Curran, H. V. (2021). Cannabis based medicines and cannabis dependence: A critical review of issues and evidence. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35(7), 773-785. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120986393 Shewan, D., Dalgarno, P., & Reith, G. (2000). Perceived risk and risk reduction among ecstasy users: The role of drug, set, and setting. International Journal of Drug Policy, 10(6), 431-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(99)00038-9 Skliamis, K., Benschop, A., Liebregts, N., & Korf, D. J. (2021). Where, when and with whom: Cannabis use, settings and self-regulation rules. Contemporary Drug Problems, 48(3), 241-259. https://doi.org/10.1177/00914509211033921 Zinberg, N. E. (1984). Drug, set, and setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use. Yale University Press.

Adlaf, E. M., Hamilton, H. A., Wu, F., & Noh, S. (2009). Adolescent stigma towards drug addiction: Effects of age and drug use behaviour. Addictive Behaviors, 34(4), 360–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.11.012 Botvin, G. J., & Griffin, K. W. (2007). School-based programmes to prevent alcohol, tobacco and other drug use. International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 19(6), 607–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260701797753 Bränström, R., Sjöström, E., & Andréasson, S. (2007). Individual, group and community risk and protective factors for alcohol and drug use among swedish adolescents. European Journal of Public Health, 18(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckm038 Chaloupka, F. J., Grossman, M., & Saffer, H. (2002). The effects of price on alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. Alcohol Research & Health: The Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 26(1), 22–34. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12154648/ Chaloupka, F. J., & Wechsler, H. (1996). Binge drinking in college: The impact of price, availability, and alcohol control policies. Contemporary Economic Policy, 14(4), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1996.tb00638.x Farrelly, M. C., Bray, J. W., Zarkin, G. A., & Wendling, B. W. (2001). The joint demand for cigarettes and marijuana: Evidence from the national household surveys on drug abuse. Journal of Health Economics, 20(1), 51–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(00)00067-9 Grossman, M. (2005). Individual behaviours and substance use: The role of price. In B. lindgren & M. grossman (Eds.), Substance Use: Individual Behaviour, Social Interactions, Markets and Politics. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-2199(05)16002-6 Grossman, M., Chaloupka, F. J., Saffer, H., & Laixuthai, A. (1994). Effects of alcohol price policy on youth: A summary of economic research. Journal of Research on Adolescence (Lawrence Erlbaum), 4(2), 347–364. https://doi.org/10.3386/w4385 Hathaway, A. D., Comeau, N. C., & Erickson, P. G. (2011). Cannabis normalization and stigma: Contemporary practices of moral regulation. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 11(5), 451–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895811415345 Kuo, M., Wechsler, H., Greenberg, P., & Lee, H. (2003). The marketing of alcohol to college students: The role of low prices and special promotions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25(3), 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(03)00200-9 Leverett, M., Ashe, M., Gerard, S., Jenson, J., & Woollery, T. (2002). Tobacco use: The impact of prices. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 30(3), 88–95. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12508509/ Parker, H., & Egginton, R. (2002). Adolescent recreational alcohol and drugs careers gone wrong: developing a strategy for reducing risks and harms. International Journal of Drug Policy, 13(5), 419–432. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(02)00154-8 Rhodes, W., Johnston, P., Han, S., McMullen, Q., & Hozik, L. (2000). Illicit drugs: Price elasticity of demand and supply. Abt Associates. Stockwell, T., Zhao, J., Giesbrecht, N., Macdonald, S., Thomas, G., & Wettlaufer, A. (2012). The raising of minimum alcohol prices in saskatchewan, canada: Impacts on consumptionand implications for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 102(12), e103–e110. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301094 van Ours, J. C., & Williams, J. (2007). Cannabis prices and dynamics of cannabis use. Journal of Health Economics, 26(3), 578–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2006.10.001 Xu, X., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2011). The effects of prices on alcohol use and its consequences. Alcohol Research & Health : The Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 34(2), 236–245. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22330223

Government of Canada. (2020). What you need to know about cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/campaigns/cannabis/canadians.html Government of Canada. (2021). Authorized cannabis retailers in the provinces and territories. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/provinces-territories.html Hahn, R. A., Middleton, J. C., Elder, R., Brewer, R., Fielding, J., Naimi, T. S., Toomey, T. L., Chattopadhyay, S., Lawrence, B., Campbell, C. A., & Community Preventive Services Task Force. (2012). Effects of alcohol retail privatization on excessive alcohol consumption and related harms: A community guide systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(4), 418-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.01.002 How to read a label. (2020). Tweed. https://www.tweed.com/en/vault/articles/how-to-read-a-cannabis-label Legal vs. Illegal: Inside canada’s marketplace. (2020). Responsible Cannabis Use. https://thercu.org/blogs/blog/legal-vs-illegal-inside-canada-s-cannabis-marketplace Macdonald, A. (2018). Cannabis is now legal in canada! What is still illegal? (Part II). Right Legal https://www.rightlegal.ca/canada-cannabis-illegal-part2/ Myran, D. T., Chen, J. T., Giesbrecht, N., Rees, V. W. (2019). The association between alcohol access and alcohol-attributable emergency department visits in ontario, canada. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 114(7), 1183–1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14597 Myran, D. T., Staykov, E., Cantor, N., Taljaard, M., Quach, B. I., Hawken, S., & Tanuseputro, P. (2021). How has access to legal cannabis changed over time? an analysis of the cannabis retail market in canada 2 years following the legalisation of recreational cannabis. Drug and Alcohol Review, 41(2), 377-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13351 Nunavut - Department of Finance. (2021). Cannabis. https://gov.nu.ca/finance/information/cannabis Ontario. (2019). Buying recreational cannabis. https://www.ontario.ca/page/buying-recreational-cannabis Ontario Cannabis Store. (2020). A Year in review-2019-2020: Ontario's first full year of legal cannabis operations. https://regulatorwatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Cannabis-OCS-InsightsReport_2019-2020.pdf Ontario Cannabis Store. (n.d.). Reading a cannabis label. https://ocs.ca/blogs/choosing-cannabis-products/reading-a-cannabis-product-label Prince Edward Island. (2018). Cannabis policy, legislation and regulation. https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/cannabis-policy-legislation-and-regulAtion Rotermann, M. (2019). National cannabis survey 2nd quarter. Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/11-627-M2019057 Rotermann, M. (2021). Looking back from 2020, how cannabis use and related behaviours changed in canada. Health Reports, 32(4), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202100400001-eng Statistics Canada. (2019). The retail cannabis market in canada: A portrait of the first year. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-621-m/11-621-m2019005-eng.htm Wadsworth, E., Driezen, P., & Hammond, D. (2021). Retail availability and legal purchases of dried flower in canada post-legalization. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 225, 108794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108794 Where can I buy recreational cannabis in canada? (2019). BudHubCanada. https://budhubcanada.ca/where-can-i-buy-legal-recreational-cannabis-in-canada/ Where to buy legal cannabis online in canada. (2020). Namaste. https://www.namaste.ca/blog/buy-marijuana-online-canada/

Asbridge, M., Hayden, J. A., & Cartwright, J. L. (2012). Acute cannabis consumption and motor vehicle collision risk: Systematic review of observational studies and meta-analysis. BMJ (Online), 344, e536. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e536 Downey, L. A., King, R., Papafotiou, K., Swann, P., Ogden, E., Boorman, M., & Stough, C. (2013). The effects of cannabis and alcohol on simulated driving: Influences of dose and experience. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 50, 879-886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.07.016 Fischer, B., Jeffries, V., Hall, W., Room, R., Goldner, E., & Rehm, J. (2011). Lower risk cannabis use guidelines for canada (lrcug): A narrative review of evidence and recommendations. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 324-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03404169 Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., van den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., Rehm, J., & Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update ofevidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 107(8), E1-E12. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818 Hall, W. (2018). How should we respond to cannabis‐impaired driving? Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(1), 3-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12651 Hall, W., & Homel, R. (2007). [commentary] Reducing cannabis‐impaired driving: Is there sufficient evidence for drug testing of drivers? Addiction (Abingdon, England), 102(12), 1918-1919. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02042.x Jones, C. B., Meier, M. H., & Pardini, D. A. (2018). Comparison of the locations where young adults smoke, vape, and eat/drink cannabis: Implications for harm reduction. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 8, 140-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.09.002 Lake, S., Kerr, T., Werb, D., Haines‐Saah, R., Fischer, B., Thomas, G., Walsh, Z., Ware, M. A., Wood, E., & Milloy, M. (2019). Guidelines for public health and safety metrics to evaluate the potential harms and benefits of cannabis regulation in canada. Drug and Alcohol Review, 38(6), 606-621. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12971 Laumon, B., Gadegbeku, B., Martin, J., Biecheler, M., & SAM Group. (2005). Cannabis intoxication and fatal road crashes in france: Population based case-control study. BMJ, 331(7529), 1371-1374. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38648.617986.1F Richer, I., & Bergeron, J. (2009). Driving under the influence of cannabis: Links with dangerous driving, psychological predictors, and accident involvement. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 41(2), 299-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.12.004 Shiplo, S., Asbridge, M., Leatherdale, S. T., & Hammond, D. (2016). Medical cannabis use in canada: Vapourization and modes of delivery. Harm Reduction Journal, 13(1), 30-30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-016-0119-9 Wettlaufer, A., Florica, R. O., Asbridge, M., Beirness, D., Brubacher, J., Callaghan, R., Fischer, B., Gmel, G., Imtiaz, S., Mann, R. E., McKiernan, A., & Rehm, J. (2017). Estimating the harms and costs of cannabis-attributable collisions in the canadian provinces. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 173, 185-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.024

Abizaid, A., Merali, Z., & Anisman, H. (2019). Cannabis: A potential efficacious intervention for ptsd or simply snake oil? Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN, 44(2), 75-78. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.190021 Abrams, D. I. (2018). The therapeutic effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: An update from the national academies of sciences, engineering and medicine report. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.003 Addison, S. (2017). How can cannabis help in the treatment of depression. Cannabis Digest. https://cannabisdigest.ca/cannabis-treatment-depression/ A guide to microdosing cannabis. (n.d.). Green Sativa. https://greensativa.com/guide-to-microdosing-cannabis/ Alkadhi, K., Zagaar, M., Alhaider, I., Salim, S., & Aleisa, A. (2013). Neurobiological consequences of sleep deprivation. Current Neuropharmacology, 11(3), 231-249. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X11311030001 Anderson, D. M., Rees, D. I., & Sabia, J. J. (2012). High on life? Medical marijuana laws and suicide. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 104(12), 2369-2376. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301612 Anxiety. (2021). American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/topics/anxiety/ Arendt, M., Rosenberg, R., Foldager, L., Perto, G., & Munk-Jørgensen, P. (2005). Cannabis-induced psychosis and subsequent schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: Follow-up study of 535 incident cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187(6), 510-515. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.6.510 Arkowitz, H., & Lilienfeld, S. (2021, March 1). Experts tell the truth about pot. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-truth-about-pot/ Aronin, T. (2018). In michigan will cannabis-infused drinks elbow beer off the shelves? 517 Mag. https://517mag.com/business/in-michigan-will-cannabis-infused-drinks-elbow-beer-off-the-shelves/ Bally, N., Zullino, D., & Aubry, J. (2014). Cannabis use and first manic episode. Journal of Affective Disorders, 165, 103-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.038 Bhattacharyya, S., Egerton, A., Kim, E., Rosso, L., Riano Barros, D., Hammers, A., Brammer, M., Turkheimer, F. E., Howes, O. D., & McGuire, P. (2017). Acute induction of anxiety in humans by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol related to amygdalar cannabinoid-1 (cb1) receptors. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 15025-15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14203-4 Bipolar disorder. (n.d.). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355955 Blessing, E. M., Steenkamp, M. M., Manzanares, J., & Marmar, C. R. (2015). Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders. Neurotherapeutics, 12(4), 825-836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0387-1 Boden, M. T., Babson, K. A., Vujanovic, A. A., Short, N. A., & Bonn‐Miller, M. O. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder and cannabis use characteristics among military veterans with cannabis dependence. The American Journal on Addictions, 22(3), 277-284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2012.12018.x Bolla, K. I., Lesage, S. R., Gamaldo, C. E., Neubauer, D. N., Funderburk, F. R., Lud Cadet, J., David, P. M., Verdejo-Garcia, A., & Benbrook, A. R. (2008). Sleep disturbance in heavy marijuana users. Sleep, 31(6), 901-908. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/31.6.901 Bonn-Miller, M. O., Babson, K. A., & Vandrey, R. (2013;2014;). Using cannabis to help you sleep: Heightened frequency of medical cannabis use among those with ptsd. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 136, 162-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.008 Bonn‐Miller, M. O., Vujanovic, A. A., Feldner, M. T., Bernstein, A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2007). Posttraumatic stress symptom severity predicts marijuana use coping motives among traumatic event‐exposed marijuana users. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(4), 577-586. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20243 Bonn-Miller, M. O., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2009). An evaluation of the nature of marijuana use and its motives among young adult active users. American Journal on Addictions, 18(5), 409-416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19874161/ Boys, A., Marsden, J., Griffiths, P., Fountain, J., Stillwell, G., & Strang, J. (1999). Substance use among young people: The relationship between perceived functions and intentions. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 94(7), 1043-1050. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94710439.x Braida, D., Limonta, V., Malabarba, L., Zani, A., & Sala, M. (2007). 5-ht1a receptors are involved in the anxiolytic effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and am 404, the anandamide transport inhibitor, in sprague–dawley rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 555(2-3), 156-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.10.038 Braga, R. J., Burdick, K. E., DeRosse, P., Malhotra, A. K. (2012). Cognitive and clinical outcomes associated with cannabis use in patients with bipolar I disorder. Psychiatry Research, 200(2-3), 242-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.025 Brown, A. S. (2011). The environment and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Progress in Neurobiology, 93(1), 23-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.09.003 Buckner, J. D., Crosby, R. D., Wonderlich, S. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2011;2012;). Social anxiety and cannabis use: An analysis from ecological momentary assessment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(2), 297-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.12.006 CAMH. (n.d.). Psychosis. https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/psychosis Campos A, Guimarães F. S. (2008). Involvement of 5ht1a receptors in the anxiolytic-like effects of cannabidiol injected into the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray of rats. Psychopharmacology 199(2): 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1168-x Carney, R., Cotter, J., Firth, J., Bradshaw, T., & Yung, A. R. (2017). Cannabis use and symptom severity in individuals at ultra high risk for psychosis: A meta‐analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 136(1), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12699 Casadio, P., Fernandes, C., Murray, R. M., & Di Forti, M. (2011). Cannabis use in young people: The risk for schizophrenia. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(8), 1779-1787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.007 Chandra, S., Radwan, M. M., Majumdar, C. G., Church, J. C., Freeman, T. P., & ElSohly, M. A. (2019). New trends in cannabis potency in usa and europe during the last decade (2008–2017). European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 269(1), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-019-00983-5 Chan, G. C., Hall, W., Freeman, T. P., Ferris, J., Kelly, A. B., & Winstock, A. (2017). User characteristics and effect profile of butane hash oil: An extremely high-potency cannabis concentrate. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 178, 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.04.014 Chen, M. (2009). Does cannabis cause or treat anxiety? Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/marijuana-and-anxiety Choi, N. G., DiNitto, D. M., & Phillips, K. T. (2021). Mental health treatment use among cannabis users aged 50+: Associations with cannabis use characteristics. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 223, 108705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108705 Clausen, L., Hjorthoj, C. R., Thorup, A., Jeppesen, P., Petersen, L., Bertelsen, M., & Nordentoft, M. (2014). Change in cannabis use, clinical symptoms and social functioning among patients with first-episode psychosis: A 5-year follow-up study of patients in the opus trial. Psychological Medicine, 44(1), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713000433 Clough, A. R., D’Abbs P., Cairney, S., Gray, D., Maruff, P., Parker, R., & O’reilly, B. (2005). Adverse mental health effects of cannabis use in two indigenous communities in arnhem land, northern territory, australia: Exploratory study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39(7), 612–620. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01634.x Compton III, W. M., Cottler, L. B., Ben Abdallah, A., Phelps, D. L., Spitznagel, E. L., & Horton, J. C. (2000). Substance dependence and other psychiatric disorders among drug dependent subjects: Race and gender correlates. The American Journal on Addictions, 9(2), 113-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550490050173181 Conger, J. J. (1956). II. Reinforcement theory and the dynamics of alcoholism. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 17(2), 296-305. https://doi.org/10.15288/qjsa.1956.17.296 Cousens, K., & DiMascio, A. (1973). (−)δ9THC as an hypnotic. Psychopharmacologia, 33, 355–364 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00437513 Crippa, J. A., Derenusson, G. N., Ferrari, T. B., Wichert-Ana, L., Duran, F. L., Martin-Santos, R., Simoes, M. V., Bhattacharyya, S., Fusar-Poli, P., Atakan, Z., Santos Filho, A., Freitas-Ferrari, M. C., McGuire, P. K., Zuardi, A. W., Busatto, G. F., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2011). Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (cbd) in generalized social anxiety disorder: a preliminary report. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 25(1), 121-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881110379283 Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Garrido, G. E., Wichert-Ana, L., Guarnieri, R., Ferrari, L., Azevedo-Marques, P. M., Hallak, J. E., McGuire, P. K., & Filho Busatto, G. (2004). Effects of cannabidiol (cbd) on regional cerebral blood flow. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29(2), 417–426. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300340 Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Martín-Santos, R., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., McGuire, P., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2009). Cannabis and anxiety: A critical review of the evidence. Human Psychopharmacology, 24(7), 515-523. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1048 Crocker, C. E., Carter, A. J. E., Emsley, J. G., Magee, K., Atkinson, P., & Tibbo, P. G. (2021). When cannabis use goes wrong: Mental health side effects of cannabis use that present to emergency services. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 640222. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.640222 Cuttler, C., Spradlin, A., & McLaughlin, R. J. (2018). A naturalistic examination of the perceived effects of cannabis on negative affect. Journal of Affective Disorders, 235, 198-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.054 Dannon, P. N., Lowengrub, K., Amiaz, R., Grunhaus, L., & Kotler, M. (2004). Comorbid cannabis use and panic disorder: Short term and long term follow‐up study. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 19(2), 97-101. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.560 Deas, D., Gerding, L., & Hazy, J. (2000). Marijuana and panic disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(12), 1467. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200012000-00006 Degenhardt, L., Hall, W., & Lynskey, M. (2003). Exploring the association between cannabis use and depression. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 98(11), 1493-1504. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00437.x DeVylder, J. E., & Lukens, E. P. (2013). Family history of schizophrenia as a risk factor for axis I psychiatric conditions. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(2), 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.09.023 Dorard, G., Berthoz, S., Phan, O., Corcos, M., & Bungener, C. (2008). Affect dysregulation in cannabis abusers: A study in adolescents and young adults. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 17(5), 274–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-0663-7 Dreher, M. (2002). Crack heads and roots daughters: The therapeutic use of cannabis in jamaica. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 2(3-4), 121-133. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v02n03_08 D'Souza, D. C., Perry, E., MacDougall, L., Ammerman, Y., Cooper, T., Braley, G., Gueorguieva, R., & Krystal, J. H. (2004). The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: Implications for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29(8), 1558-1572. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300496 Earlenbaugh, E. (2020). New research reveals why cannabis helps ptsd sufferers. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/emilyearlenbaugh/2020/09/17/new-research-reveals-why-cannabis-helps-ptsd-sufferers/?sh=26183289179a Farris, M. S., Shakeel, M. K., & Addington, J. (2020). Cannabis use in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis: A comprehensive review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(5), 527-537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01810-x Feingold, D., & Weinstein, A. (2021). Cannabis and Depression. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1264, 67-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57369-0_5 Fischer, B., Jeffries, V., Hall, W., Room, R., Goldner, E., & Rehm, J. (2011). Lower risk cannabis use guidelines for canada (lrcug): A narrative review of evidence and recommendations. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 324-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03404169 Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., van den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., Rehm, J., & Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 107(8), E1-E12. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818 Freeman, T. P., & Winstock, A. R. (2015). Examining the profile of high-potency cannabis and its association with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 45(15), 3181-3189. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001178 Garrison, E., Gilligan, C., Ladd, B. O., & Anderson, K. G. (2021). Social anxiety, cannabis use motives, and social context’s impact on willingness to use cannabis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4882. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094882 Gibbs, M., Winsper, C., Marwaha, S., Gilbert, E., Broome, M., & Singh, S. P. (2015). Cannabis use and mania symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 171, 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.016 Gillette, H. (2021). Does cannabis use affect bipolar disorder symptoms. Psychcentral. https://psychcentral.com/bipolar/cannabis-bipolar-disorder-symptoms Giordano, G.N., Ohlsson, H., Sundquist, K., Sundquist, J., & Kendler, K. (2015). The association between cannabis abuse and subsequent schizophrenia: A swedish national co-relative control study. Psychological Medicine, 45(2), 407–414. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714001524 Gregg, J. M., Small, E. W., Moore, R., Raft, D., & Toomey, T. C. (1976). Emotional response to intravenous delta9tetrahydrocannabinol during oral surgery. Journal of Oral Surgery (American Dental Association: 1965), 34(4), 301-313. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1062533/ Grewal, J. K., & Loh, L. C. (2020). Health considerations of the legalization of cannabis edibles. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 192(1), E1-E2. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191217 Grewal. S., & George. T. (2017). Cannabis-induced psychosis: A review. Psychiatric Times, 34(7). https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/cannabis-induced-psychosis-review Grunberg, V. A., Cordova, K. A., Bidwell, L. C., & Ito, T. A. (2015). Can marijuana make it better? Prospective effects of marijuana and temperament on risk for anxiety and depression. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29(3), 590-602. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000109 Guimarães, F. S., Chiaretti, T. M., Graeff, F. G., and Zuardi, A. W. (1990). Antianxiety effect of cannabidiol in the elevated plus-maze. Psychopharmacology, 100(4), 558–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244012 Guzman, F. ( 2019). 5-ht1a receptors in psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacology Institute. https://psychopharmacologyinstitute.com/publication/5-ht1a-receptors-in-psychopharmacology-2123 Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use? Addiction (Abingdon, Endlang), 110(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12703 Hall, W., Hoch, E., & Lorenzetti, V. (2019). Cannabis use and mental health: Risks and benefits. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 269(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-019-00986-2 Hall, W., & Solowij, N. (1998). Adverse effects of cannabis. Lancet (London, England), 352(9140), 1611-1616. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05021-1 Hartogsohn, I. (2017). Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting. Drug Science, Policy and Law. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325 Hasin, D. S., Saha, T. D., Kerridge, B. T., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Zhang, H., Jung, J., Pickering, R. P., Ruan, W. J., Smith, S. M., Huang, B., & Grant, B. F. (2015). Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the united states between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(12), 1235-1242. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858 Hathaway, A. D. (2003). Cannabis effects and dependency concerns in long-term frequent users: A missing piece of the public health puzzle. Addiction Research & Theory, 11(6), 441-458. https://doi.org/10.1080/1606635021000041807 Henquet, C., Di Forti, M., Morrison, P., Kuepper, R., & Murray, R. M. (2008). Gene-environment interplay between cannabis and psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(6), 1111-1121. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn108 Henquet, C., Krabbendam, L., de Graaf, R., ten Have, M., & van Os, J. (2006). Cannabis use and expression of mania in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 95(1–3), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.05.002 Hodgson, K., Coleman, J. R. I., Hagenaars, S. P., Purves, K. L., Glanville, K., Choi, S. W., O'Reilly, P., Breen, G., Lewis, C. M., & Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. (2020). Cannabis use, depression and self‐harm: Phenotypic and genetic relationships. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 115(3), 482-492. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14845 Hollister, L. E. (1986). Health aspects of cannabis. Pharmacological Reviews, 38(1), 1-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3520605/ Huizink, A. C. (2013). Commentary on degenhardt et al. (2013): Specific effect of adolescent cannabis use on anxiety – Tentative explanations. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 108(1), 134-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12046 Iliades, C. (2012). Depression’s effect on your appetite. Everyday Health. https://www.everydayhealth.com/hs/major-depression/depressions-effect-on-appetite/ Innamorati, M., Pompili, M., Ferrari, V., Girardi, P., Tatarelli, R., Tamburello, A., & Lester, D. (2008). Cannabis use and the risk behavior syndrome in italian university students: Are they related to suicide risk? Psychological Reports, 102(2), 577-594. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.102.2.577-594 Kamal, B. S., Kamal, F., & Lantela, D. E. (2018). Cannabis and the anxiety of fragmentation-A systems approach for finding an anxiolytic cannabis chemotype. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12, 730. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00730 Kaplan, H. B., Martin, S. S., Johnson, R. J., & Robbins, C. A. (1986). Escalation of marijuana use: Application of a general theory of deviant behavior. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27(1), 44-61. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136502 Kedzior, K. K., & Laeber, L. T. (2014). A positive association between anxiety disorders and cannabis use or cannabis use disorders in the general population--a meta-analysis of 31 studies. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 136-136. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-136 Kim, S. W., Dodd, S., Berk, L., Kulkarni, J., de Castella, A., Fitzgerald, P. B., Kim, J. M., Yoon, J. S., & Berk, M. (2015). Impact of cannabis use on long-term remission in bipolar I and schizoaffective disorder. Psychiatry Investigation, 12(3), 349-355. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2015.12.3.349 Konefal, S., Gabrys, R., & Porath, A. (2019). Clearing the smoke on cannabis. Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. https://www.ccsa.ca/clearing-smoke-cannabis-regular-use-and-mental-health Korem, N., Zer-Aviv, T. M., Ganon-Elazar, E., Abush, H., & Akirav, I. (2016). Targeting the endocannabinoid system to treat anxiety-related disorders. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 27(3), 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0058 Kraan, T., Velthorst, E., Koenders, L., Zwaart, K., Ising, H. K., van den Berg, D., de Haan, L., & van der Gaag, M. (2016). Cannabis use and transition to psychosis in individuals at ultra-high risk: Review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 46(4), 673-681. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715002329 Ksir, C., & Hart, C. L. (2016). Cannabis and psychosis: A critical overview of the relationship. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0657-y Lake, S., Kerr, T., Buxton, J., Walsh, Z., Marshall, B. D., Wood, E., & Milloy, M. (2020). Does cannabis use modify the effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on severe depression and suicidal ideation? Evidence from a population-based cross-sectional study of canadians. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 34(2), 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119882806 Lake, S., Kerr, T., Werb, D., Haines‐Saah, R., Fischer, B., Thomas, G., Walsh, Z., Ware, M. A., Wood, E., & Milloy, M. (2019). Guidelines for public health and safety metrics to evaluate the potential harms and benefits of cannabis regulation in canada. Drug and Alcohol Review, 38(6), 606-621. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12971 Langs, G., Fabisch, H., Fabisch, K., & Zapotoczky, H. G. (1997). Can cannabis trigger recurrent panic attacks in susceptible patients? European Psychiatry, 12(8), 415-419. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(97)83568-7 Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S., & Murphy, S. (2015). A safer alternative: Cannabis substitution as harm reduction. Drug and Alcohol Review, 34(6), 654-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12275 Lesch, K. P., Wiesmann, M., Hoh, A., Muller, T., Disselkamp-Tietze, J., Osterheider, M., & Schulte, H. M. (1992). 5-ht1a receptor-effector system responsivity in panic disorder. Psychopharmacology, 106(1), 111-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02253597 Lev-Ran, S., Le Foll, B., McKenzie, K., George, T. P., & Rehm, J. (2013). Cannabis use and cannabis use disorders among individuals with mental illness. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(6), 589-598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.12.021 Leweke, F. M., Piomelli, D., Pahlisch, F., Muhl, D., Gerth, C. W., Hoyer, C., Klosterkötter, J., Hellmich, M., & Koethe, D. (2012). Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Translational Psychiatry, 2(3), e94-e94. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.15 Linscott, R. J., & van Os, J. (2013). An updated and conservative systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults: On the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders. Psychological Medicine, 43(6), 1133-1149. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712001626 Lowe, D. J. E., Sasiadek, J. D., Coles, A. S., & George, T. P. (2019). Cannabis and mental illness: A review. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 269(1), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-018-0970-7 Lucas, P. (2012). Cannabis as an adjunct to or substitute for opiates in the treatment of chronic pain. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 44(2), 125–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2012.684624 Lucas, P., Reiman, A., Earleywine, M., McGowan, S. K., Oleson, M., Coward, M. P., & Thomas, B. (2013). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs: A dispensary-based survey of substitution effect in canadian medical cannabis patients. Addiction Research & Theory, 21(5), 435–442. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2012.733465 Lynskey, M. T., Heath, A. C., Nelson, E. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., Slutske, W. S., Statham, D. J., & Martin, N. G. (2002). Genetic and environmental contributions to cannabis dependence in a national young adult twin sample. Psychological Medicine, 32(2), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701005062 Manzanares, J., Urigüen, L., Rubio, G., & Palomo, T. (2004). Role of endocannabinoid system in mental diseases. Neurotoxicity Research, 6(3), 213-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03033223 Marconi, A., Di Forti, M., Lewis, C. M., Murray, R. M., & Vassos, E. (2016). Meta-analysis of the association between the level of cannabis use and risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(5), 1262-1269. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw003 McGee, R., Williams, S., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. (2000). A longitudinal study of cannabis use and mental health from adolescence to early adulthood. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 95(4), 491-503. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9544912.x McGill University. (2007). Cannabis: Potent anti-depressant in low doses, worsens depression at high doses. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071023183937.htm McGuire, P., Robson, P., Cubala, W. J., Vasile, D., Morrison, P. D., Barron, R., Taylor, A., & Wright, S. (2018). Cannabidiol (CBD) as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(3), 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030325 Medical cannabis for anxiety. (n.d.). Cannabis clinics. https://www.cannabisclinics.ca/medical-cannabis/anxiety/ Mental Health Commission of Canada. (2019). Cannabis and mental health: Priorities for research in canada. https://www.mentalhealthcommission.ca/wp-content/uploads/drupal/2019-07/Cannabis_mental_Health_Summary_july_2019_eng.pdf Metzner, R., & Leary, T. (1967). On programming psychedelic experiences. Psychedelic Review, 9, 5-19. https://maps.org/research-archive/psychedelicreview/n09/n09005met.pdf Mikuriya, T., & Mandel, J. (2001). Cannabis substitution: Harm reduction treatment for alcoholism and drug dependence. https://www.mikuriya.com/cw_cansub.html Mikuriya, T. H. (2004). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol: A harm-reduction approach. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 4(1), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v04n01_04 Miller, B. (2021). Does cannabis cause psychosis? Psychiatric Times, 38(3). https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/cannabis-cause-psychosis Misiak, B., Stramecki, F., Gawęda, Ł., Prochwicz, K., Sąsiadek, M.M., Moustafa, A.A., & Frydecka, D. (2018). Interactions between variation in candidate genes and environmental factors in the etiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Molecular Neurobiology, 55(6), 5075–5100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-017-0708-y Moran, C. (1986). Depersonalization and agoraphobia associated with marijuana use. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 59(2), 187-196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1986.tb02684.x Mueser, K. T., Drake, R. E., & Wallach, M. A. (1998). Dual diagnosis: A review of etiological theories. Addictive Behaviors, 23(6), 717-734. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00073-2 Mundell, E., J. (2020). One joint may cause psychotic symptoms: Study. A Family Pharmacy Apple Valley. https://www.afamilypharmacy.com/patient-resources/article/755848/one-joint-may-cause-psychotic-symptoms-study Muntoni, A. L., Pillolla, G., Melis, M., Perra, S., Gessa, G. L., & Pistis, M. (2006). Cannabinoids modulate spontaneous neuronal activity and evoked inhibition of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons. European Journal of Neuroscience, 23(9), 2385-2394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04759.x Naliboff, B. D., Rickles, W. H., Cohen, M. J., & Naimark, R. S. (1976). Interactions of marijuana and induced stress: Forearm blood flow, heart rate, and skin conductance. Psychophysiology, 13(6), 517-522. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1976.tb00871.x Ogborne, A. C., Smart, R. G., Weber, T., & Birchmore-Timney, C. (2000). Who is using cannabis as a medicine and why: An exploratory study. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 32(4), 435-443. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2000.10400245 O'Shea, M., McGregor, I. S., & Mallet, P. E. (2006). Repeated cannabinoid exposure during perinatal, adolescent or early adult ages produces similar long lasting deficits in object recognition and reduced social interaction in rats. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford), 20(5), 611-621. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881106065188 O'Shea, M., Singh, M. E., McGregor, I. S., & Mallet, P. E. (2004). Chronic cannabinoid exposure produces lasting memory impairment and increased anxiety in adolescent but not adult rats. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford), 18(4), 502-508. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881104047277 Ortiz-Medina, M. B., Perea, M., Torales, J., Ventriglio, A., Vitrani, G., Aguilar, L., & Roncero, C. (2018). Cannabis consumption and psychosis or schizophrenia development. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(7), 690-703. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018801690 Passie, T., Emrich, H. M., Karst, M., Brandt, S. D., & Halpern, J. H. (2012). Mitigation of post‐traumatic stress symptoms by cannabis resin: A review of the clinical and neurobiological evidence. Drug Testing and Analysis, 4(7-8), 649-659. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1377 Patel, S., & Hillard, C. J. (2006). Pharmacological evaluation of cannabinoid receptor ligands in a mouse model of anxiety: Further evidence for an anxiolytic role for endogenous cannabinoid signaling. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 318(1), 304–311. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.106.101287 Patel, S., Hill, M. N., Cheer, J. F., Wotjak, C. T., and Holmes, A. (2017). The endocannabinoid system as a target for novel anxiolytic drugs. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 76(Pt A), 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.033 Pertwee, R. G. (2008). The diverse cb1 and cb2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabivarin. British Journal of Pharmacology, 153(2), 199-215. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0707442 Pierre, J. M. (2010). Psychosis associated with medical marijuana: Risk vs. benefits of medicinal cannabis use. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(5), 598-599. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09121762 Price, C., Tomas, H., Lewis, G., Zammit, S., & Allebeck, P. (2009). Cannabis and suicide: Longitudinal study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 195(6), 492-497. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.065227 Proal, A. C., Fleming, J., Galvez-Buccollini, J. A., & DeLisi, L. E. (2014). A controlled family study of cannabis users with and without psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 152(1), 283–288; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.11.014 Rabinak, C. A., Blanchette, A., Zabik, N. L., Peters, C., Marusak, H. A., Iadipaolo, A., & Elrahal, F. (2020). Cannabinoid modulation of corticolimbic activation to threat in trauma-exposed adults: A preliminary study. Psychopharmacology, 237(6), 1813-1826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05499-8 Radhakrishnan, R., Wilkinson, S. T., D'Souza, D. C. (2014). Gone to pot—A review of the association between cannabis and psychosis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5, 54. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00054 Raymundi, A. M., da Silva, T. R., Sohn, J. M. B., Bertoglio, L. J., & Stern, C. A. (2020). Effects of ∆ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol on aversive memories and anxiety: A review from human studies. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 420-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02813-8 Reilly, D., Didcott, P., Swift, W., & Hall, W. (1998). Long‐term cannabis use: Characteristics of users in an australian rural area. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 93(6), 837-846. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9368375.x

Abdallah, S. J., Smith, B. M., Ware, M. A., Moore, M., Li, P. Z., Bourbeau, J., & Jensen, D. (2018). Effect of vaporized cannabis on exertional breathlessness and exercise endurance in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 15(10), 1146-1158. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201803-198OC Agrawal, A., Budney, A. J., & Lynskey, M. T. (2012). The co-occurring use and misuse of cannabis and tobacco: A review. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 107(7), 1221-1233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03837.x Allen, J. A., Davis, K. C., Duke, J. C., Nonnemaker, J. M., Bradfield, B. R., & Farrelly, M. C. (2017). New product trial, use of edibles, and unexpected highs among marijuana and hashish users in colorado. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 176, 44-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.006 Al-Zouabi, I., Stogner, J. M., Miller, B. L., & Lane, E. S. (2018). Butane hash oil and dabbing: insights into use, amateur production techniques, and potential harm mitigation. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 9, 91–101. https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S135252 Anderson, R. P., & Zechar, K. (2019). Lung injury from inhaling butane hash oil mimics pneumonia. Respiratory Medicine Case Reports, 26, 171-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2019.01.002 Baron, E. P. (2015). Comprehensive review of medicinal marijuana, cannabinoids, and therapeutic implications in medicine and headache: What a long strange trip it's been. Headache, 55(6), 885-916. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12570 Blake, A., & Nahtigal, I. (2019). The evolving landscape of cannabis edibles. Current Opinion in Food Science, 28, 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.009 Calapai, F., Cardia, L., Sorbara, E. E., Navarra, M., Gangemi, S., Calapai, G., & Mannucci, C. (2020). Cannabinoids, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Brain Disposition. Pharmaceutics, 12(3), 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030265 Cannabis-based medicines -Gw pharmaceuticals: High cbd, high thc, medicinal cannabis -Gw pharmaceuticals, thc:cbd. (2003). Drugs in R&D, 4(5), 306-309. https://doi.org/10.2165/00126839-200304050-00005 Chelliah, M. P., Zinn, Z., Khuu, P., & Teng, J. M. (2018). Self‐initiated use of topical cannabidiol oil for epidermolysis bullosa. Pediatric Dermatology, 35(4), e224-e227. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.13545 Cinnamon Bidwell, L., YorkWilliams, S. L., Mueller, R. L., Bryan, A. D., & Hutchison, K. E. (2018). Exploring cannabis concentrates on the legal market: User profiles, product strength, and health-related outcomes. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 8, 102-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.08.004 Cozzi, N. V. (1993). Effects of water filtration on marijuana smoke: A literature review. MAPS Bull, 4(2), 4-6. https://maps.org/news/bulletin/effects-of-water-filtration-on-marijuana-smoke/ Craft, S., Winstock, A., Ferris, J., Mackie, C., Lynskey, M. T., & Freeman, T. P. (2020;2019;). Characterising heterogeneity in the use of different cannabis products: Latent class analysis with 55 000 people who use cannabis and associations with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 50(14), 2364-2373. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719002460 Earleywine, M., & Barnwell, S. S. (2007). Decreased respiratory symptoms in cannabis users who vaporize. Harm Reduction Journal, 4(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-4-11 Gaffal, E., Cron, M., Glodde, N., & Tüting, T. (2013). Anti‐inflammatory activity of topical thc in dnfb‐mediated mouse allergic contact dermatitis independent of cb1 and cb2 receptors. Allergy, 68(8), 994-1000. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12183 Gates, P., Jaffe, A., & Copeland, J. (2014). Cannabis smoking and respiratory health: Consideration of the literature. Respirology (Carlton, Vic.), 19(5), 655-662. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12298 Gieringer, D. (1996). Marijuana water pipe and vaporizer study. MAPS Bull, 6(3), 59-66. https://maps.org/news-letters/v06n3/06359mj1.html Gieringer, D. H. (2001). Cannabis "vaporization": A promising strategy for smoke harm reduction. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 1(3-4), 153-170. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v01n03_10 Government of Canada. (2019). Canadian cannabis survey 2019 –Summary.https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/canadian-cannabis-survey-2019-summary.html Government of Canada. (2019). Final regulations: Edible cannabis, cannabis extracts, cannabis topicals. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/documents/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/final-regulations-edible-cannabis-extracts-topical-eng.pdf Government of Canada. (2020). Canadian cannabis survey 2020: Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a2 Government of Canada. (2021, February 3). Cannabis legalization and regulation. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/cannabis/ Grof, C. P. L. (2018). Cannabis, from plant to pill. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 84(11), 2463-2467. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13618 Grotenhermen, F. (2001). Harm reduction associated with inhalation and oral administration of cannabis and thc. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 1(3-4), 133-152. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v01n03_09 Grotenhermen, F. (2003). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 42(4), 327-360. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003 Grotenhermen, F., Russo, E., & Zuardi, A. W. (2017). Even high doses of oral cannabidiol do not cause thc-like effects in humans: Comment on merrick et al. cannabis and cannabinoid research 2016; 1 (1): 102–112; DOI: 10.1089/can. 2015.0004. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 2(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0036 Guy, G. W., Flint, M. E., Robson, P. J., & Whittle, B. A. (2000). A phase one study of sublingual cannabis-based medicine extract. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology,52(9; SUPP/1), 294-294. https://eurekamag.com/research/034/314/034314323.php Guy, R. H. (1996). Current status and future prospects of transdermal drug delivery. Pharmaceutical Research, 13(12), 1765-1769. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016060403438 GW Pharmaceuticals. (2012). Sativex Product Monograph, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK. https://pdf.hres.ca/dpd_pm/00016162.PDF Hakkarainen, P. (2016). Vaporizing the pot world –easy, healthy, and cool. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 16(3), 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1108/DAT-10-2015-0062 Hancox, R. J., Poulton, R., Ely, M., Welch, D., Taylor, D. R., McLachlan, C. R., Greene, J. M., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Sears, M. R. (2010). Effects of cannabis on lung function: a population-based cohort study. The European Respiratory Journal, 35(1), 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00065009 Happyana, N., Agnolet, S., Muntendam, R., Van Dam, A., Schneider, B., & Kayser, O. (2013). Analysis of cannabinoids in laser-microdissected trichomes of medicinal cannabis sativa using lcms and cryogenic nmr. Phytochemistry (Oxford), 87, 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.11.001 Hash. (2021, June 28). https://weedmaps.com/learn/dictionary/hash Hawley, D., Graham, T., Stasiak, M., & Dixon, M. (2018). Improving cannabis bud quality and yield with subcanopy lighting. Hortscience, 53(11), 1593-1599. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13173-18 Hazekamp, A., Ruhaak, R., Zuurman, L., van Gerven, J., & Verpoorte, R. (2006). Evaluation of a vaporizing device (volcano®) for the pulmonary administration of tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 95(6), 1308-1317. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.20574 He, T., Oks, M., Esposito, M., Steinberg, H., & Makaryus, M. (2017). “Tree-in-bloom”: Severe acute lung injury induced by vaping cannabis oil. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201612-974LE Hess, C., Krämer, M., & Madea, B. (2017). Topical application of thc containing products is not able to cause positive cannabinoid finding in blood or urine. Forensic Science International, 272, 68-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.01.008 Hosseini, A.,McLachlan, A. J., & Lickliter, J. D. (2021). A phase I trial of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol administered as single‐dose oil solution and single and multiple doses of a sublingual wafer in healthy volunteers. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 87(4), 2070-2077. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14617 Howie, N., Trigkas, T., Cruchley, A., Wertz, P., Squier, C., & Williams, D. (2001). Short-term exposure to alcohol increases the permeability of human oral mucosa. Oral Diseases, 7(6), 349-354. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-0825.2001.00731.x Huestis M. A. (2007). Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(8), 1770–1804. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152 Jackson, D. K. & Hyatt, K. (2013). Silicone and hyaluronic acid (hla) delivery systems for products by sustainable processes for medical uses including wound management. (US Patent No. US2013/0184354 A1). https://patents.google.com/patent/US20130184354A1/en Jin, D., Jin, S., & Chen, J. (2019). Cannabis indoor growing conditions, management practices, and post-harvest treatment: a review. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 10(6), 925. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2019.106067 Johnson, J. R., Lossignol, D., Burnell-Nugent, M., & Fallon, M. T. (2013). An open-label extension study to investigate the long-term safety and tolerability of thc/cbd oromucosal spray and oromucosal thc spray in patients with terminal cancer-related pain refractory to strong opioid analgesics. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 46(2), 207-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.07.014 Joshi, M., Joshi, A., & Bartter, T. (2014). Marijuana and lung diseases. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 20(2), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000026 Kado, J. (2020). Topical formulation for binding to dermatological cannabinoid receptors. (US Patent No. 10543176). https://patents.google.com/patent/US10543176B2/en?oq=U.S.+Patent+No.+10%2c543%2c176 Kamel, R. (2015). Transdermal drug delivery: Benefits and challenges. Journal of Applied Pharmacy, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.4172/1920-4159.1000e103 Kawahara, K., & Tojo, K. (2007). Skin irritation in transdermal drug delivery systems: A strategy for its reduction. Pharmaceutical Research, 24(2), 399-408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-006-9165-4 Kliuk-Ben Bassat, O., Brill, S., Vaisman, N., Schechter, M., Ashtamker, N., Hirshberg, B., & Mosenzon, O. (2021). Pos-676 exploratory study to assess the safety of sublingual oil based medical cannabis bol-dp-o-04 in dialysis patients who have chronic pain. Kidney International Reports, 6(4), S295-S295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2021.03.707 Klumpers, L. E., Beumer, T. L., van Hasselt, J. G., Lipplaa, A., Karger, L. B., Kleinloog, H.D., Freijer, J. I., de Kam, M. L., & van Gerven, J. M. (2012). Novel Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol formulation Namisol® has beneficial pharmacokinetics and promising pharmacodynamic effects. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 74(1), 42-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04164.x Lamy, F. R., Daniulaityte, R., Zatreh, M.,Nahhas, R. W., Sheth, A., Martins, S. S., Boyer, E. W., & Carlson, R. G. (2018). "You got to love rosin: Solventless dabs, pure, clean, natural medicine." Exploring twitter data on emerging trends in rosin tech marijuana concentrates. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 183, 248-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.039 Lee, M. H. S., & Hancox, R. J. (2011). Effects of smoking cannabis on lung function. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 5(4), 537-547. https://doi.org/10.1586/ers.11.40 Loflin, M., & Earleywine, M. (2014). A new method of cannabis ingestion: The dangers of dabs? Addictive Behaviors, 39(10), 1430-1433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.05.013 Maida, V., & Corban, J. (2017). Topical medical cannabis: A new treatment for wound pain—Three cases of pyoderma gangrenosum. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 54(5), 732-736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.06.005 Maida, V., Shi, R. B., Fazzari, F. G. T., & Zomparelli, L. (2021). Topical cannabis-based medicines -A novel adjuvant treatment for venous leg ulcers: An open-label trial. Experimental Dermatology, 30(9), 1258-1267. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.14395 Mariani, J. J., Brooks, D., Haney, M., & Levin, F. R. (2011). Quantification and comparison of marijuana smoking practices: Blunts, joints, and pipes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 113(2-3), 249-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.08.008 Marsot, A., Audebert, C., Attolini, L., Lacarelle, B., Micallef, J., & Blin, O. (2017). Population pharmacokinetics model of thc used by pulmonary route in occasional cannabis smokers. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods, 85, 49-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2017.02.003 McInnis, O. A., & Plecas, D. (2016). Clearing the smoke on cannabis: Respiratory effects of cannabis smoking: An update. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-04/CCSA-Cannabis-Use-Respiratory-Effects-Report-2016-en.pdf Meier, M. H. (2017). Associations between butane hash oil use and cannabis-related problems. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 179, 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.015 Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research. (2018).What effects does smoking cannabis have on the respiratory system? McMaster University MDCMCR. https://cannabisresearch.mcmaster.ca/news/2018/04/27/cannabis-smoking-and-effects-on-the-respiratory-system National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017 Jan 12. https://doi.org/10.17226/24625 National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. (2014). The health consequences of smoking—50 years of progress: A report of the surgeon general. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24455788/ OCS. (n.d.-a). Cannabis basics: Methods of consumption. https://ocs.ca/blogs/cannabis-basics/methods-of-consumption OCS. (n.d.-b). Choosing cannabis products: Vaporizers vs. vapes: What’s the difference? https://ocs.ca/blogs/choosing-cannabis-products/vaporizers-vs-vapes-what-s-the-difference?index=ocs_articles&objectIDs=30531815244&queryID=f702b092338baed61343af5ee7bf3590 OCS. (n.d.-c). Extracts: Deep dive. https://ocs.ca/blogs/choosing-cannabis-products/extracts-deep-dive?index=ocs_articles&objectIDs=30529587020&queryID=c9d2d3b11ba2c0bc47edc49ebc255f20 OCS. (n.d.-d). How to clean a bong. https://ocs.ca/blogs/cannabis-how-tos/how-to-clean-a-bong?index=ocs_articles&objectIDs=30530701132&queryID=eababca6199dae7967fd91ecb3dc398e OCS. (n.d.-e). Intro to live resin. https://ocs.ca/blogs/cannabis-basics/intro-to-live-resin?index=ocs_articles&objectIDs=30554556236&queryID=e8c384c1145b55517aa47e40466943e9 OCS. (n.d.-f). Intro to shatter. https://ocs.ca/blogs/cannabis-basics/intro-to-shatter?index=ocs_articles&objectIDs=30551541580&queryID=fbfee6a5e73dae7cb6619237e3d5d2a4 OCS. (n.d.-g). Intro to topicals. https://ocs.ca/blogs/cannabis-basics/intro-to-topicals OCS. (n.d.-h). Rolling papers.https://ocs.ca/collections/rolling-papers?product=1314114307916&sort_by=products_priCe_per_uom_asc Papaseit, E., Pérez-Mañá, C., Pérez-Acevedo, A. P., Hladun, O., Torres-Moreno, M. C., Muga, R., Torrens, M., & Farré, M. (2018). Cannabinoids: from pot to lab. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 15(12), 1286–1295. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.27087 Papatheodorou, S. I., Buettner, H., Rice, M. B., & Mittleman, M. A. (2016). Recent marijuana use and associations with exhaled nitric oxide and pulmonary function in adults in the united states. Chest, 149(6), 1428-1435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2015.12.033 Peschel, W. (2016). Quality control of traditional cannabis tinctures: Pattern, markers, and stability. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 84(3), 567-584. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm84030567 Pierre, J. M., Gandal, M., & Son, M. (2016). Cannabis-induced psychosis associated with high potency “wax dabs”. Schizophrenia Research, 172(1-3), 211-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.056 Pomahacova, B., Van der Kooy, F., & Verpoorte, R. (2009). Cannabis smoke condensate III: The cannabinoid content of vaporised cannabis sativa. Inhalation Toxicology, 21(13), 1108-1112. https://doi.org/10.3109/08958370902748559 Raber, J. C., Elzinga, S., & Kaplan, C. (2015). Understanding dabs: Contamination concerns of cannabis concentrates and cannabinoid transfer during the act of dabbing. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 40(6), 797-803. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.40.797 Riboulet-Zemouli, K. (2020). ‘Cannabis’ ontologies I: Conceptual issues with cannabis and cannabinoids terminology. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 6. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324520945797 Ruchlemer, R., Amit-Kohn, M., Raveh, D., & Hanuš, L. (2015). Inhaled medicinal cannabis and the immunocompromised patient. Supportive Care in Cancer, 23(3), 819-822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2429-3 Russo E. B. (2011). Taming thc: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), 1344–1364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x Sagar, K. A., Lambros, A. M., Dahlgren, M. K., Smith, R. T., & Gruber, S. A. (2018). Made from concentrate? A national web survey assessing dab use in the united states. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 190, 133-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.022 Scully, C. (2007). Cannabis; adverse effects from an oromucosal spray. British Dental Journal, 203(6), E12-E37. https://doi.org/10.1038/bdj.2007.749 Seltenrich, N. (2019). Cannabis contaminants: Regulating solvents, microbes, and metals in legal weed. Environmental Health Perspectives, 127(8), 82001. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5785 Shakya, P., Madhav, N. V. S., Shakya, A. K., & Singh, K. (2011). Palatal mucosa as a route for systemic drug delivery: A review. Journal of Controlled Release, 151(1), 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.003 Skalicky, J., Husek, J., Hofbauerova, J., & Dittrich, M. (2012). A composition for the treatment of inflammatory diseases comprising boswellic acids and cannabidiol. (European Patent Application No. 2444081A1). https://patents.google.com/patent/EP2444081A1/en Stephens D, Patel JK, Angelo D, Frunzi J. (2020). Cannabis butane hash oil dabbing induced lung injury mimicking atypical pneumonia. Cureus, 12(2), e7033. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7033 Stinchcomb, A. L., Valiveti, S., Hammell, D. C., & Ramsey, D. R. (2004;2010;). Human skin permeation of Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 56(3), 291-297. https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357022791 Stockburger, S. (2016). Forms of administration of cannabis and their efficacy. Journal of Pain Management, 9(4), 381. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316546304_Forms_of_administration_of_cannabis_and_their_efficacy Stogner, J. M., & Miller, B. L. (2015). The dabbing dilemma: A call for research on butane hash oil and other alternate forms of cannabis use. Substance Abuse, 36(4), 393-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2015.1071724 Taylor, D. R., Fergusson, D. M., Milne, B. J., Horwood, L. J., Moffitt, T. E., Sears, M. R., & Poulton, R. (2002). A longitudinal study of the effects of tobacco and cannabis exposure on lung function in young adults. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 97(8), 1055-1061. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00169.x Tetrault, J.M., Crothers, K., Moore, B.A., Mehra, R., Concato, & J., Fiellin, D.A. (2007). Effects of marijuana smoking on pulmonary function and respiratory complications: A systematic review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(3), 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.3.221 Thu, K., Hayes, M., Miles, S., Tierney, L., & Foy, A. (2013). Marijuana ‘bong’ smoking and tuberculosis. Internal Medicine Journal, 43(4), 456-458. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.12089 Tijani, A. O., Thakur, D., Mishra, D., Frempong, D., Chukwunyere, U. I., & Puri, A. (2021). Delivering therapeutic cannabinoids via skin: Current state and future perspectives. Journal of Controlled Release, 334, 427-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.005 Touitou, E., Fabin, B., Dany, S., & Almog, S. (1988). Transdermal delivery of tetrahydrocannabinol. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 43(1-2), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(88)90052-X Trofin, I. G., Dabija, G., Vaireanu, D. I., & Filipescu, L. (2012). Long-term storage and cannabis oil stability. Revista de Chimie, 63(3), 293-297. https://www.academia.edu/20127134/Long_term_Storage_and_Cannabis_Oil_Stability Van Dam, N. T., & Earleywine, M. (2010). Pulmonary function in cannabis users: Support for a clinical trial of the vaporizer. International Journal on Drug Policy, 21(6), 511–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.04.001 Volkow, N. D., Baler, R. D., Compton, W. M., & Weiss, S. R. (2014). Adverse health effects of marijuana use. The New England Journal of Medicine, 370(23), 2219-2227. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1402309 Weed Maps. (n.d.-a). Bongs. https://weedmaps.com/learn/dictionary/bong Weed Maps. (n.d.-b). Pipes. https://weedmaps.com/learn/dictionary/pipe Weed Maps. (n.d.-c). What is distillate? https://weedmaps.com/learn/dictionary/distillate Wu, T. C., Tashkin, D. P., Djahed, B., & Rose, J. E. (1988). Pulmonary hazards of smoking marijuana as compared with tobacco. The New England Journal of Medicine, 318(6), 347–351. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198802113180603 Zhao, T., Cheng, K., Ott, W. R., Wallace, L., & Hildemann, L. M. (2020). Characteristics of secondhand cannabis smoke from common smoking methods: Calibration factor, emission rate, and particle removal rate. Atmospheric Environment (1994), 242, 117731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117731 Zig Zag. (n.d.). Cigarette roller 78 mm. https://zigzag.com/products/78mm-cigarette-roller

Alberta Health Services. (2020). Tobacco reduction program. https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Alberta/Pages/Using-cannabis-and-tobacco-together.aspx Alston, E. (2020). What happens when you mix xanax and marijuana. The Recovery Village. https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/xanax-addiction/xanax-and-weed/ Alston, L. (2021). Cbd and xanax: Can you take them together? CFAH. https://cfah.org/cbd-and-xanax/ Carter, A. (2019). What really happens when you mix alcohol and weed? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/alcohol-and-weed Christiansen, T. (2020). Can you mix weed and cocaine? The Recovery Village. https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/cocaine-addiction/cocaine-and-weed/ Dangers of combining marijuana and lsd. (2018). Skywood Recovery. https://skywoodrecovery.com/marijuana/dangers-of-combining-marijuana-and-lsd/ DeVito, L. (2017). Cb1 and cb2: Different cannabinoid receptors in the brain. LabRoots. https://www.labroots.com/trending/health-and-medicine/7420/cb1-cb2-cannabinoid-receptors-brain Goodwin, R. D., Pacek, L. R., Copeland, J., Moeller, S. J., Dierker, L., Weinberger, A., Gbedemah, M., Zvolensky, M. J., Wall, M. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2018). Trends in daily cannabis use among cigarette smokers: United states, 2002–2014. American Journal of Public Health, 108(1), 137-142. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304050 Haney, M., Bedi, G., Cooper, Z. D., Glass, A., Vosburg, S. K., Comer, S. D., & Foltin, R. W. (2013). Predictors of marijuana relapse in the human laboratory: Robust impact of tobacco cigarette smoking status. Biological Psychiatry (1969), 73(3), 242-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.07.028 Henry, J. A., Oldfield, W. L. G., & Kon, O. M. (2003). Comparing cannabis with tobacco: Smoking cannabis, like smoking tobacco, can be a major public health hazard. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 326(7396), 942-943. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7396.942 Hindocha, C., Brose, L. S., Walsh, H., & Cheeseman, H. (2021). Cannabis use and co‐use in tobacco smokers and non‐smokers: Prevalence and associations with mental health in a cross‐sectional, nationally representative sample of adults in great britain, 2020. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 116(8), 2209-2219. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15381 How do you look after someone who is ‘greening out’ on cannabis? ( 2014). Drug and Alcohol Research and Training Australia. https://darta.net.au/wordpress-content/uploads/2015/01/YPID-GREENING-OUT.pdf Hutchison, S. (2021). The effects of mixing marijuana and ecstasy. River Oaks Treatment. https://riveroakstreatment.com/marijuana-abuse/mixing-with-ecstasy/ Isbell, H., & Jasinski, D. R. (1969). A comparison of lsd-25 with (-)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (thc) and attempted cross tolerance between lsd and thc. Psychopharmacologia, 14(2), 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00403684 Iversen, L. (2003). Cannabis and the brain. Brain (London, England : 1878), 126(6), 1252-1270. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awg143 Kossen, J. (2017). How does cannabis interact with other drugs? Leafly. https://www.leafly.ca/news/health/cannabis-cannabinoids-drug-interactions LaNeve, N. (2021). Is it safe to mix alcohol & marijuana? The Recovery Village. https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/alcohol-abuse/alcohol-and-marijuana/ Martin, P., & Consroe, P. (1981). A preliminary study of thc-lsd interactions on rabbit eeg and behavior. Physiological Psychology, 9(2), 219-222. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03332927 McClure, E. A., Rabin, R. A., Lee, D. C., & Hindocha, C. (2020). Treatment implications associated with cannabis and tobacco co-use. Current Addiction Reports, 7(4), 533-544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-020-00334-8 McDaniel, B. (2020). Why mixing opioids and marijuana to treat chronic pain is dangerous? Asheville Recovery Center. https://www.ashevillerecoverycenter.com/why-mixing-opioids-and-marijuana-to-treat-chronic-pain-is-dangerous/ Melamede, R. (2005). Cannabis and tobacco smoke are not equally carcinogenic. Harm Reduction Journal, 2(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-2-21 Meier, E., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2016). A review of the additive health risk of cannabis and tobacco co-use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 166, 6-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.013 Mixing marijuana with other drugs. (2020). Aspenridge Recovery. https://www.aspenridgerecoverycenters.com/mixing-marijuana-with-other-drugs/ Moke: What it is and why it is unhealthy for teens? ( 2018). Newport Academy. https://www.newportacademy.com/resources/substance-abuse/moke-drug-definition-and-risks/ National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2021). Cocaine drug facts. What is cocaine? https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/cocaine Pacek, L. R., Copeland, J., Dierker, L., Cunningham, C. O., Martins, S. S., & Goodwin, R. D. (2018). Among whom is cigarette smoking declining in the united states? The impact of cannabis use status, 2002–2015. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 191, 355-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.040 Parrott, A. C., Milani, R. M., Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E., & Daumann, J. (2007). Cannabis and ecstasy/mdma (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine): An analysis of their neuropsychobiological interactions in recreational users. Journal of Neural Transmission, 114(8), 959-968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-007-0715-7 Peters, E. N., Budney, A. J., & Carroll, K. M. (2012). Clinical correlates of co‐occurring cannabis and tobacco use: A systematic review. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 107(8), 1404-1417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03843.x Peters, E. N., Schwartz, R. P., Wang, S., O’Grady, K. E., & Blanco, C. (2014). Psychiatric, psychosocial, and physical health correlates of co-occurring cannabis use disorders and nicotine dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 134, 228-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.003 Rahn, B. (2015). Why does cannabis cause paranoia in some but helps anxiety in others? Leafly. https://www.leafly.ca/news/cannabis-101/why-does-cannabis-cause-paranoia-and-anxiety Ramo, D. E., Liu, H., & Prochaska, J. J. (2012). Tobacco and marijuana use among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review of their co-use. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(2), 105-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.002 Rettner, R. (2016). Mixing the pot? 7 ways marijuana interacts with medicines. LiveScience. https://www.livescience.com/56439-how-marijuana-interacts-with-medicines.html Schauer, G. L., Berg, C. J., Kegler, M. C., Donovan, D. M., & Windle, M. (2015). Differences in tobacco product use among past month adult marijuana users and nonusers: Findings from the 2003–2012 national survey on drug use and Health. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 18(3), 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv093 Sidney, S., Beck, J. E., Tekawa, I. S., Quesenberry, C. P., & Friedman, G. D. (1997). Marijuana use and mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 87(4), 585-590. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.87.4.585 Singh, T., Kennedy, S. M., Sharapova, S. S., Schauer, G. L., & Rolle, I. V. (2016). Modes of ever marijuana use among adult tobacco users and non-tobacco users—styles 2014. Journal of Substance Use, 21(6), 631-635. https://doi.org/10.3109/14659891.2015.1122100 Statistics Canada. (2017). Canadian tobacco, alcohol and drugs survey. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-alcohol-drugs-survey/2017-suMmary.html Stephens, C. (2017). What should you know about hyperthermia? Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320226 Tashkin, D. P., Baldwin, G. C., Sarafian, T., Dubinett, S., Roth, M. D. (2002). Respiratory and immunologic consequences of marijuana smoking. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 42(S1), 71S-81S. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06006.x The dangers of mixing marijuana and cocaine. (2021). Vertava Health. https://vertavahealth.com/polysubstances/marijuana-and-cocaine/ Tucker, J. S., Pedersen, E. R., Seelam, R., Dunbar, M.S., Shih, R. A., & D'Amico, E. J. (2019). Types of cannabis and tobacco/nicotine co-use and associated outcomes in young adulthood. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 33(4), 401-411. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000464 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2019). World drug report 2019. https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2019/ Wilcox, A. (2019). What happens to your body when you mix weed and tobacco? Herb. https://herb.co/learn/smoke-weed-and-tobacco/ Wilson, D., R. (2019). Is weed a depressant, stimulant, or hallucinogen? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/is-weed-a-depressant World Health Organization. (2020). Tobacco. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco Van der Kooy, F., Pomahacova, B., & Verpoorte, R. (2009). Cannabis smoke condensate II: Influence of tobacco on tetrahydrocannabinol levels. Inhalation Toxicology, 21(2), 87-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370802187296

Acion, L., Ramirez, M. R., Jorge, R. E., & Arndt, S. (2013). Increased risk of alcohol and drug use among children from deployed military families. Addiction, 108(8), 1418–1425. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12161 Ahmadi, H., & Green, S. L. (2011). Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment for military spouses experiencing alcohol and substance use disorders: A literature review. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 18(2), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-011-9234-7 Arkes, J. (2007). Does the economy affect teenage substance use? Health Economics, 16(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1132 Arkes, J. (2011). Recessions and the participation of youth in the selling and use of illicit drugs. International Journal of Drug Policy, 22(5), 335–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.03.001 Attar, B. K., Guerra, N. G., & Tolan, P. H. (1994). Neighborhood disadvantage, stressful life events and adjustments in urban elementary-school children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23(4), 391–400. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2304_5 Ayer, L. A., Harder, V. S., Rose, G. L., & Helzer, J. E. (2011). Drinking and stress: An examination of sex and stressor differences using ivr-based daily data. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 115(3), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.022 Bachman, J. G., Freedman-Doan, P., O’Malley, P. M., Johnston, L. D., & Segal, D. R. (1999). Changing patterns of drug use among us military recruits before and after enlistment. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 89(5), 672–677. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.89.5.672 Baker, C. K., Hishinuma, E. S., Chang, J. Y., & Nixon, D. C. (2010). The relationship among exposure to stressful life events, drug use, and violence perpetration in a sample of native hawaiian, samoan, and filipino adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(3), 379–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509334397 Boardman, J. D., Finch, B. K., Ellison, C. G., Williams, D. R., & Jackson, J. S. (2001). Neighborhood disadvantage, stress, and drug use among adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42(2), 151–165. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090175 Boden, J. M., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2014). Associations between exposure to stressful life events and alcohol use disorder in a longitudinal birth cohort studied to age 30. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 142, 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.010 Bolton, J. M., Robinson, J., & Sareen, J. (2009). Self-medication of mood disorders with alcohol and drugs in the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Journal of Affective Disorders, 115(3), 367–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.10.003 Bonin, M. F., McCreary, D. R., & Sadava, S. W. (2000). Problem drinking behavior in two community-based samples of adults: Influence of gender, coping, loneliness, and depression. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 14(2), 151-161. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.14.2.151 Booth, B., Segal, M. W., Bell, D. B., Martin, J. A., Ender, M. G., & Rohall, D. (2007). What we know about army families. Fairfax, VA: Caliber. Bor, J., Basu, S., Coutts, A., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2013). Alcohol use during the great recession of 2008–2009. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford), 48(3), 343–348. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agt002 Boscarino, J. A., Adams, R. E., & Galea, S. (2006). Alcohol use in new york after the terrorist attacks: a study of the effects of psychological trauma on drinking behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 31(4), 606–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.035 Bretteville-Jensen, A. L. (2011). Illegal drug use and the economic recession—What can we learn from the existing research? International Journal of Drug Policy, 22(5), 353–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.03.009 Brown, P. J., & Wolfe, J. (1994). Substance abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidity. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 35(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(94)90110-4 Bruguera, P., Reynolds, J., Gilvarry, E., Braddick, F., Marath-Veettil, A. L., Anderson, P., Mielecka-Kubien, Z., Kaner, E., & Gual, A. (2018). How does economic recession affect substance use? A reality check with clients of drug treatment centres. The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 21(1), 11–16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29643264/ Cappell, H., & Greeley, J. (1987). Alcohol and tension reduction: An update on research and theory. In H. T. Blane & K. E. Leonard (Eds.), Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism New York: The Guilford Press. Carliner, H., Keyes, K. M., McLaughlin, K. A., Meyers, J. L., Dunn, E. C., & Martins, S. S. (2016). Childhood trauma and illicit drug use in adolescence: A population-based national comorbidity survey replication–adolescent supplement study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(8), 701–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.05.010 Catalano, R., Goldman-Mellor, S., Saxton, K., Margerison-Zilko, C., Subbaraman, M., LeWinn, K., & Anderson, E. (2011). The health effects of economic decline. Annual Review of Public Health, 32, 431–450. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101146 Chatterjee, D. (2020). The mellow high and the psychedelic war: The rise of marijuana, the (counter)-culture of dissidence, and the fall of the american army in the vietnam war. eSharp, 25(1). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340454299_The_Mellow_High_and_the_Psychedelic_War Colder, C. R. (2001). Life stress, physiological and subjective indexes of negative emotionality, and coping reasons for drinking: Is there evidence for a self-medication model of alcohol use? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15(3), 237-245. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.15.3.237 Colell, E., Sánchez‐Niubò, A., Delclos, G. L., Benavides, F. G., & Domingo‐Salvany, A. (2015). Economic crisis and changes in drug use in the spanish economically active population. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 110(7), 1129–1137. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12923 Compton, W. M., Gfroerer, J., Conway, K. P., & Finger, M. S. (2014). Unemployment and substance outcomes in the united states 2002–2010. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 142, 350–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.012 Darke, S. (2013). Pathways to heroin dependence: Time to re‐appraise self‐medication. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 108(4), 659–667. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04001.x Darke, S., Williamson, A., Ross, J., & Teesson, M. (2005). Attempted suicide among heroin users: 12-month outcomes from the australian treatment outcome study (atos). Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 78(2), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.10.009 Dávalos, M. E., Fang, H., & French, M. T. (2012). Easing the pain of an economic downturn: Macroeconomic conditions and excessive alcohol consumption. Health Economics, 21(11), 1318–1335. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1788 Dawson, D. A., Grant, B. F., & Ruan, W. J. (2005). The association between stress and drinking: Modifying effects of gender and vulnerability. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 40(5), 453–460. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agh176 Dee, T. S. (2001). Alcohol abuse and economic conditions: Evidence from repeated cross‐sections of individual‐level data. Health Economics, 10(3), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.588 de Goeij, M. C. M., Suhrcke, M., Toffolutti, V., van de Mheen, D., Schoenmakers, T. M., & Kunst, A. E. (2015). How economic crises affect alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems: A realist systematic review. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 131, 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.02.025 Deutsch, H. (1967). Selected problems of adolescence. International Universities Press, New York. Dom, G., Samochowiec, J., Evans-Lacko, S., Wahlbeck, K., Van Hal, G., & McDaid, D. (2016). The impact of the 2008 economic crisis on substance use patterns in the countries of the European Union. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(1), 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010122 Dore, G., Mills, K., Murray, R., Teesson, M., & Farrugia, P. (2012). Post‐traumatic stress disorder, depression and suicidality in inpatients with substance use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Review, 31(3), 294–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00314.x Dube, S. R., Miller, J. W., Brown, D. W., Giles, W. H., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., & Anda, R. F. (2006). Adverse childhood experiences and the association with ever using alcohol and initiating alcohol use during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(4), 444.e1-444.e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.06.006 DuBois, D. L., Felner, R. D., Meares, H., & Krier, M. (1994). Prospective investigation of the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage, life stress, and social support on early adolescent adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(3), 511-522. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.3.511 Ehring, T., & Quack, D. (2010). Emotion regulation difficulties in trauma survivors: The role of trauma type and ptsd symptom severity. Behavior Therapy, 41(4), 587–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2010.04.004 Enoch, M. A. (2011). The role of early life stress as a predictor for alcohol and drug dependence. Psychopharmacology, 214(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-1916-6 Ettner, S. L. (1997). Measuring the human cost of a weak economy: Does unemployment lead to alcohol abuse? Social Science & Medicine (1982), 44(2), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00160-8 Falba, T., Teng, H., Sindelar, J. L., & Gallo, W. T. (2005). The effect of involuntary job loss on smoking intensity and relapse. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 100(9), 1330–1339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01150.x Farris, C. A., & Fenaughty, A. M. (2002). Social isolation and domestic violence among female drug users. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 28(2), 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1081/ADA-120002977 Flett, R. A., Kazantzis, N., Long, N. R., MacDonald, C., & Millar, M. (2002). Traumatic events and physical health in a new zealand community sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(4), 303–312. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016251828407 Fosnocht, A. Q., Lucerne, K. E., Ellis, A. S., Olimpo, N. A., & Briand, L. A. (2019). Adolescent social isolation increases cocaine seeking in male and female mice. Behavioural Brain Research, 359, 589–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.007 Fu, S. S., McFall, M., Saxon, A. J., Beckham, J. C., Carmody, T. P., Baker, D. G., & Joseph, A. M. (2007). Post-traumatic stress disorder and smoking: A systematic review. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 9(11), 1071–1084. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200701488418 Goodwin, D. W., Davis, D. H., & Robins, L. N. (1975). Drinking amid abundant illicit drugs: The Vietnam case. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32(2), 230–233. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760200094009 Hall, W., & Weier, M. (2017). Lee robins’ studies of heroin use among us vietnam veterans. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 112(1), 176–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13584 Hamilton, S. B., van Mouwerik, S., Oetting, E. R., Beauvais, F., & Keilin, W. G. (1988). Nuclear war as a source of adolescent worry: Relationships with age, gender, traitemotionality, and drug use. The Journal of Social Psychology, 128(6), 745–763. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1988.9924554 Hammarström, A., Janlert, U., & Theorell, T. (1988). Youth unemployment and ill health: Results from a 2-year follow-up study. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 26(10), 1025–1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(88)90220-1 Hammer, T. (1992). Unemployment and use of drug and alcohol among young people: A longitudinal study in the general population. British Journal of Addiction, 87(11), 1571–1581. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02665.x Harrell, A. (1992). Drugs, crime, and social isolation: Barriers to urban opportunity. The Urban Institute. Henkel, D. (2011). Unemployment and substance use: A review of the literature (1990-2010). Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 4(1), 4–27. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874473711104010004 Hoffmann, J. P., & Su, S. S. (1997). The conditional effects of stress on delinquency and drug use: A strain theory assessment of sex differences. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34(1), 46–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427897034001004 House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science (New York, N.Y.), 241(4865), 540–545. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3399889 Johnson, B. R., Pagano, M. E., Lee, M. T., & Post, S. G. (2018). Alone on the inside: The impact of social isolation and helping others on aod use and criminal activity. Youth & Society, 50(4), 529–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X15617400 Kalousova, L., & Burgard, S. A. (2014). Unemployment, measured and perceived decline of economic resources: Contrasting three measures of recessionary hardships and their implications for adopting negative health behaviors. Social Science & Medicine, 106, 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.01.007 Kelsall, H. L., Wijesinghe, M. S. D., Creamer, M. C., McKenzie, D. P., Forbes, A. B., Page, M. J., & Sim, M. R. (2015). Alcohol use and substance use disorders in gulf war, afghanistan, and iraq war veterans compared with nondeployed military personnel. Epidemiologic Reviews, 37(1), 38–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxu014 Keyes, K. M., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Hasin, D. S. (2011). Stressful life experiences, alcohol consumption, and alcohol use disorders: The epidemiologic evidence for four main types of stressors. Psychopharmacology, 218(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2236-1 Khan, S., Murray, R. P., & Barnes, G. E. (2002). A structural equation model of the effect of poverty and unemployment on alcohol abuse. Addictive Behaviors, 27(3), 405–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00181-2 Khantzian, E. J. (2013). Addiction as a self‐regulation disorder and the role of self‐medication. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 108(4), 668–669. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12004 Kilpatrick, D. G., Acierno, R., Resnick, H. S., Saunders, B. E., & Best, C. L. (1997). A 2-year longitudinal analysis of the relationships between violent assault and substance use in women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 834-837. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.65.5.834 King, A. C., Bernardy, N. C., & Hauner, K. (2003). Stressful events, personality, and mood disturbance:: Gender differences in alcoholics and problem drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 28(1), 171–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00264-7 Lee, J. O., Hill, K. G., Hartigan, L. A., Boden, J. M., Guttmannova, K., Kosterman, R., Bailey, J. A., & Catalano, R. F. (2015). Unemployment and substance use problems among young adults: Does childhood low socioeconomic status exacerbate the effect? Social Science & Medicine (1982), 143, 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.08.016 Lemke, S., Schutte, K. K., Brennan, P. L., & Moos, R. H. (2008). Gender differences in social influences and stressors linked to increased drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(5), 695–702. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2008.69.695 Lijffijt, M., Hu, K., & Swann, A. C. (2014). Stress modulates illness-course of substance use disorders: A translational review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5, 83. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00083 McAloney, K., McCrystal, P., Percy, A., & McCartan, C. (2009). Damaged youth: Prevalence of community violence exposure and implications for adolescent well‐being in post‐conflict Northern Ireland. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(5), 635–648. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20322 Miller, N. S., Mahler, J. C., & Gold, M. S. (1991). Suicide risk associated with drug and alcohol dependence. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 10(3), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1300/J069v10n03_06 Mulia, N., Ye, Y., Zemore, S. E., & Greenfield, T. K. (2008). Social disadvantage, stress, and alcohol use among black, hispanic, and white americans: Findings from the 2005 us national alcohol survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(6), 824–833. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2008.69.824 Myers, B., McLaughlin, K. A., Wang, S., Blanco, C., & Stein, D. J. (2014). Associations between childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and past-year drug use disorders in the national epidemiological study of alcohol and related conditions (nesarc). Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28(4), 1117-1126. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037459 Nagelhout, G. E., Hummel, K., de Goeij, M. C. M., de Vries, H., Kaner, E., & Lemmens, P. (2017). How economic recessions and unemployment affect illegal drug use: A systematic realist literature review. International Journal of Drug Policy, 44, 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.03.013 Nandi, A., Charters, T. J., Strumpf, E. C., Heymann, J., & Harper, S. (2013). Economic conditions and health behaviours during the ‘great recession.’. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health (1979), 67(12), 1038–1046. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2012-202260 Ngo, H. M., & Le, T. N. (2007). Stressful life events, culture, and violence. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 9(2), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-006-9018-6 Ornish, D. (1998). Love & survival: The scientific basis for the healing power of intimacy and love. Rocco Publishing Company. Pelissier, B. M. M., & O’Neil, J. A. (2000). Antisocial personality and depression among incarcerated drug treatment participants. Journal of Substance Abuse, 11(4), 379–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3289(00)00034-1 Pilowsky, D. J., Keyes, K. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2009). Adverse childhood events and lifetime alcohol dependence. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 99(2), 258–263. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139006 Rardin, D. R., Lawson, T. R., & Rush Jr, J. A. (1973). Drug use by american soldiers in europe. Social Work (New York), 18(1), 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/18.1.34 Raz, S., & Berger, B. D. (2010). Social isolation increases morphine intake: Behavioral and psychopharmacological aspects. Behavioural Pharmacology, 21(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0b013e32833470bd Reed, S. C., Bell, J. F., & Edwards, T. C. (2011). Adolescent well-being in washington state military families. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 101(9), 1676–1682. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300165 Ritter, A., & Chalmers, J. (2011). The relationship between economic conditions and substance use and harm. Drug and Alcohol Review, 30(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00282.x Robins, L. N. (1974). The Vietnam drug user returns: Final report, September 1973. US Government Printing Office. Robins, L. N., Davis, D. H., & Nurco, D. N. (1974). How permanent was vietnam drug addiction? American Journal of Public Health (1971), 64 Suppl 12(12_Suppl), 38–43. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.64.12_Suppl.38 Rokach, A. (2000). Loneliness and the life cycle. Psychological Reports, 86(2), 629–642. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.86.2.629-642 Rokach, A., & Orzeck, T. (2003). Coping with loneliness and drug use in young adults. Social Indicators Research, 61(3), 259–283. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021977731756 Rospenda, K. M., Fujishiro, K., Shannon, C. A., & Richman, J. A. (2008). Workplace harassment, stress, and drinking behavior over time: Gender differences in a national sample. Addictive Behaviors, 33(7), 964–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.02.009 Rossi, D., Singh, D. Z., Pawlowicz, M. P., Touzé, G., Bolyard, M., Mateu-Gelabert, P., Sandoval, M., & Friedman, S. R. (2011). Changes in time-use and drug use by youngadults in poor neighbourhoods of greater buenos aires, argentina, after the political transitions of 2001-2002: Results of a survey. Harm Reduction Journal, 8(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-8-2 Schiff, M. (2006). Living in the shadow of terrorism: Psychological distress and alcohol use among religious and non-religious adolescents in jerusalem. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 62(9), 2301–2312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.10.016 Schiff, M., Benbenishty, R., McKay, M., DeVoe, E., Liu, X., & Hasin, D. (2006). Exposure to terrorism and israeli youths’ psychological distress and alcohol use: An exploratory study. American Journal on Addictions, 15(3), 220–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550490600626200 Schiff, M., Pat-Horenczyk, R., Benbenishty, R., Brom, D., Baum, N., & Astor, R. A. (2012). High school students’ posttraumatic symptoms, substance abuse and involvement in violence in the aftermath of war. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 75(7), 1321–1328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.05.010 Schiff, M., Zweig, H. H., Benbenishty, R., & Hasin, D. S. (2007). Exposure to terrorism and israeli youths’ cigarette, alcohol, and cannabis use. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 97(10), 1852–1858. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.090514 Shedler, J., & Block, J. (1990). Adolescent drug use and psychological health: A longitudinal inquiry. American Psychologist, 45(5), 612-630. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.45.5.612 Sinha, R. (2001). How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse? Psychopharmacology, 158(4), 343–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130100917 Sinha, R. (2008). Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1141(1), 105-130. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1441.030 Skaff, M. M., Finney, J. W., & Moos, R. H. (1999). Gender differences in problem drinking and depression: Different “vulnerabilities?” American Journal of Community Psychology, 27(1), 25–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022813727823 Slopen, N., Williams, D. R., Fitzmaurice, G. M., & Gilman, S. E. (2011). Sex, stressful life events, and adult onset depression and alcohol dependence: Are men and women equally vulnerable? Social Science & Medicine (1982), 73(4), 615–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.022 Stanton, M. D. (1976). Drugs, vietnam, and the vietnam veteran: an overview. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 3(4), 557–570. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952997609014295 Steckler, T., Kalin, N. H., & Reul, J. M. H. M. (2005). Handbook of stress and the brain part 2: Stress: Integrative and clinical aspects. Elsevier. Stewart, S. H. (1996). Alcohol abuse in individuals exposed to trauma: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 120(1), 83-112. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.83 Stewart, S. H., & Israeli, A. L. (2002). Substance abuse and co-occurring psychiatric disorders in victims of intimate violence. In C. Wekerle & A. -M. Walls (Eds.), The violence and addiction equation: Theoretical and clinical issues in substance abuse and relationship violence (pp. 98-122). Brunner-Routledge. Ullman, S. E., Relyea, M., Peter-Hagene, L., & Vasquez, A. L. (2013). Trauma histories, substance use coping, ptsd, and problem substance use among sexual assault victims. Addictive Behaviors, 38(6), 2219–2223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.01.027 Veenstra, M. Y., Lemmens, P. H. H. M., Friesema, I. H. M., Tan, F. E. S., Garretsen, H. F. L., Knottnerus, J. A., & Zwietering, P. J. (2007). Coping style mediates impact of stress on alcohol use: A prospective population‐based study. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 102(12), 1890–1898. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02026.x Whitaker, L. R., Degoulet, M., & Morikawa, H. (2013). Social deprivation enhances vta synaptic plasticity and drug-induced contextual learning. Neuron, 77(2), 335–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.022 Winton, M., Heather, N., & Robertson, I. (1986). Effects of unemployment on drinking behavior: A review of the relevant evidence. International Journal of the Addictions,21(12), 1261–1283. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826088609074854 Wish, E. D., Robins, L. N., Hesselbrock, M., & Helzer, J. E. (1979). The course of alcohol problems in vietnam veterans. Currents in Alcoholism, 6, 239-256. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/520054/ Youngstrom, E., Weist, M. D., & Albus, K. E. (2003). Exploring violence exposure, stress, protective factors and behavioral problems among inner‐city youth. American Journal of Community Psychology, 32(1–2), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025607226122

Ashton, C. H. (2001). Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: A brief review. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 178(2), 101-106. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.2.101 Aurora. (n.d.). What to do if you green out. https://www.auroramedical.com/blogs/news/what-to-do-if-you-green-out Brust, J. C. (1993). Other agents. Phencyclidine, marijuana, hallucinogens, inhalants, and anticholinergics. Neurologic Clinics, 11(3), 555-561. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8377742/ Canadian Nurses Association. (2017). Harm reduction for non-medical cannabis use. https://hl-prod-ca-oc-download.s3-ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/CNA/2f975e7e-4a40-45ca-863c-5ebf0a138d5e/UploadedImages/documents/Harm_Reduction_for_Non_Medical_Cannabis_Use.pdf Cao, D., Srisuma, S., Bronstein, A. C., & Hoyte, C. O. (2016). Characterization of edible marijuana product exposures reported to united states poison centers. Clinical Toxicology, 54(9), 840-846. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2016.1209761 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Inadvertent ingestion of marijuana-los angeles, california, 2009. MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 58(34), 947-950. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19730407/ Crippa, J. A., Derenusson, G. N., Chagas, M. H., Atakan, Z., Martín-Santos, R., Zuardi, A. W., & Hallak, J. E. (2012). Pharmacological interventions in the treatment of the acute effects of cannabis: A systematic review of literature. Harm reduction journal, 9(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-9-7 Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Martín‐Santos, R., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., McGuire, P., & Fusar‐Poli, P. (2009). Cannabis and anxiety: A critical review of the evidence. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 24(7), 515-523. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1048 CSSDP. (2018). Sensible cannabis education - A toolkit for educating youth. https://cssdp.org/uploads/2018/04/Sensible-Cannabis-Education-A-Toolkit-for-Educating-Youth.pdf Dalgarno, P., & Shewan, D. (2005). Reducing the risks of drug use: The case for set and setting. Addiction Research & Theory, 13(3), 259-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350500053562 Egan, K. L., Cox, M. J., Suerken, C. K., Reboussin, B. A., Song, E. Y., Wagoner, K. G., & Wolfson, M. (2019). More drugs, more problems? Simultaneous use of alcohol and marijuana at parties among youth and young adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 202, 69-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.07.003 Government of Canada. (2019). Cannabis: Lower your risks. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/loWer-your-risks.html Grotenhermen, F. (2003). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 42(4), 327-360. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003 Grotenhermen, F. (2007). The toxicology of cannabis and cannabis prohibition. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(8), 1744-1769. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790151 Guidet, C., Gregoire, M., Le Dreau, A., Vrignaud, B., Deslandes, G., & Monteil-Ganière, C. (2020). Cannabis intoxication after accidental ingestion in infants: Urine and plasma concentrations of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (thc), thc-cooh and 11-oh-thc in 10 patients. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 58(5), 421-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2019.1655569 Hammond, D. (2019). Communicating thc levels and ‘dose’ to consumers: implications for product labelling and packaging of cannabis products in regulated markets. International Journal of Drug Policy, 91, 102509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.004 Hand, A., Blake, A., Kerrigan, P., Samuel, P., & Friedberg, J. (2016). History of medical cannabis. Journal of Pain Management, 9(4), 387-394. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316545890_History_of_medical_cannabis Hartogsohn, I. (2017). Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325 Hendrickson, R. G., McKeown, N. J., Kusin, S. G., & Lopez, A. M. (2020). Acute cannabis toxicity in older adults. Toxicology Communications, 4(1), 67-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/24734306.2020.1852821 Hudak, M., Severn, D., & Nordstrom, K. (2015). Edible cannabis–induced psychosis: Intoxication and beyond. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(9), 911-912. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15030358 Huestis, M. A. (2007). Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(8), 1770–1804. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152 Levene, R. J., Pollak-Christian, E., & Wolfram, S. (2019). A 21st century problem: Cannabis toxicity in a 13-month-old child. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 56(1), 94-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.09.040 Levinsohn, E. A., & Hill, K. P. (2020). Clinical uses of cannabis and cannabinoids in the united states. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 411, 116717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116717 MacCallum, C. A., & Russo, E. B. (2018). Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004 Molly, C., Mory, O., Basset, T., & Patural, H. (2012). Acute cannabis poisoning in a 10-month-old infant. Archives de pediatrie: Organe Officiel de la Societe Francaise de Pediatrie, 19(7), 729-732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2012.04.018 Murphy, K. (2017). “Greening out” Treating cannabis-related problems in the ed. Nursing Made Incredibly Easy!, 15(6), 47-50. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NME.0000521808.84893.e7 Nickel J. C. (2018). Medical marijuana for urologic chronic pelvic pain. Canadian Urological Association Journal, 12(6 Suppl 3), S181–S183. https://doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.5331 Noble, M. J., Hedberg, K., & Hendrickson, R. G. (2019). Acute cannabis toxicity. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 57(8), 735-742. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2018.1548708 Richards, J. R., Smith, N. E., & Moulin, A. K. (2017). Unintentional cannabis ingestion in children: A systematic review. The Journal of Pediatrics, 190, 142-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.07.005 Rock, E. M., Bolognini, D., Limebeer, C. L., Cascio, M. G., Anavi-Goffer, S., Fletcher, P. J., Mechoulam, R., Pertwee, R. G., & Parker, L. A. (2013). Cannabidiol, a non-intoxicating component of cannabis, suppresses nausea and vomiting in rats and shrews. University of Guelph, Institute for Community Engaged Scholarship. https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/5491/Parker%20-%20Cannibidiol%20a%20non-psychotropic%20component.pdf?sequence=3 Rough, L. (2020). 8 ways to sober up from being high. Leafly. https://www.leafly.ca/news/cannabis-101/8-ways-to-counteract-a-too-intense-cannabis-high Sachs, J., McGlade, E., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2015). Safety and toxicology of cannabinoids. Neurotherapeutics : The Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, 12(4), 735–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0380-8 Saez, A. (n.d.). How much weed is too much? 7 signs you’re greening out and how to handle it. The Bluntness. https://www.thebluntness.com/posts/signs-you-re-greening-out-and-how-to-handle-it Schlag, A. K., Hindocha, C., Zafar, R., Nutt, D. J., & Curran, H. V. (2021). Cannabis based medicines and cannabis dependence: A critical review of issues and evidence. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 35(7), 773-785. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120986393 Schmid, Y., Scholz, I., Mueller, L., Exadaktylos, A. K., Ceschi, A., Liechti, M. E., & Liakoni, E. (2020). Emergency department presentations related to acute toxicity following recreational use of cannabis products in switzerland. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 206, 107726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107726 Sharpe, L., Sinclair, J., Kramer, A., de Manincor, M., & Sarris, J. (2020). Cannabis, a cause for anxiety? A critical appraisal of the anxiogenic and anxiolytic properties. Journal of Translational Medicine, 18(1), 374. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02518-2 Shen, L. (2021). Greening out explained–and what to do when you do go green. Cannabis Life Network. https://cannabislifenetwork.com/greening-out-explained-and-what-to-do-when-you-do-go-green/ Shewan, D., Dalgarno, P., & Reith, G. (2000). Perceived risk and risk reduction among ecstasy users: The role of drug, set, and setting. International Journal of Drug Policy, 10(6), 431-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(99)00038-9 Venkatesan,T., Levinthal, D. J., Li, B. U., Tarbell, S. E., Adams, K. A., Issenman, R. M., Sarosiek, I., Jaradeh, S. S., Sharaf, R. N., Sultan, S., Stave, C. D., Monte, A. A., & Hasler, W. L. (2019). Role of chronic cannabis use: Cyclic vomiting syndrome vs cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 31(S2). https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13606 Vo, K. T., Horng, H., Li, K., Ho, R. Y., Wu, A. H., Lynch, K. L., & Smollin, C. G. (2018). Cannabis intoxication case series: The dangers of edibles containing tetrahydrocannabinol. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 71(3), 306-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.09.008 Voser, S. (2020). What is greening out and how to avoid it. Canna Connection. https://www.cannaconnection.com/blog/18321-what-greening-out-how-prevent-solve-it Wang, G. S., Banerji, S., Contreras, A. E., & Hall, K. E. (2020). Marijuana exposures in colorado, reported to regional poison centre, 2000–2018. Injury Prevention, 26(2), 184-186. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043360 Wang, T., Collet, J. P., Shapiro, S., & Ware, M. A. (2008). Adverse effects of medical cannabinoids: A systematic review. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal, 178(13), 1669–1678. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.071178 Weinstein, L. C., & Worster, B. (2019). Medical Cannabis: A guide to the clinical and legal landscapes. The Journal of Family Practice, 68(7), 390-399. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31532813/ Zinberg, N. E. (1984). Drug, set and setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use. JAMA (1985), 253(10), 1467. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03350340121039

Cannabis Consumption Makes You Lazy and Unsuccessful Barnwell, S. S., Earleywine, M., & Wilcox, R. (2006). Cannabis, motivation, and life satisfaction in an internet sample. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy, 1(1), 2-2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-1-2 Bloomfield, M. A. P., Morgan, C. J. A., Kapur, S., Curran, H. V., & Howes, O. D. (2014). The link between dopamine function and apathy in cannabis users: An [18f]-dopa pet imaging study. Psychopharmacology, 231(11), 2251-2259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3523-4 Duncan, D. F. (1987). Lifetime prevalence of “Amotivational syndrome" among users and non users of hashish. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 1(2), 114-119. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0080444 EMCCDA. (2006). The state of the drug problems in europe. Lisbon: EMCDDA. Gerard, A. (2014, May 21). Medical cannabis and the myth of amotivational syndrome. in-Training. https://in-training.org/medical-cannabis-myth-amotivational-syndrome-6905 Government of Canada. (2021, August 12). Canadian cannabis survey 2020: Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research- data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html Joo, S. H., Durband, D. B., & Grable, J. (2008). The academic impact of financial stress on college students. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 10(3), 287-305. https://doi.org/10.2190/CS.10.3.c Kouri, E., Pope Jr, H. G., Yurgelun-Todd, D., & Gruber, S. (1995). Attributes of heavy vs. occasional marijuana smokers in a college population. Biological Psychiatry, 38(7), 475-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)00325-w Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., Newton, F. B., Kim, E., & Wilcox, D. (2013). Psychosocial factors predicting first-year college student success. Journal of College Student Development, 54(3), 247-266. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2013.0034 Lac, A., & Luk, J. W. (2018). Testing the amotivational syndrome: Marijuana use longitudinally predicts lower self-efficacy even after controlling for demographics, personality, and alcohol and cigarette use. Prevention Science, 19(2), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-017-0811-3 Mattern, K. D., & Shaw, E. J. (2010). A look beyond cognitive predictors of academic success: Understanding the relationship between academic self-beliefs and outcomes. Journal of College Student Development, 51(6), 665-678. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2010.0017 Mauger, C. (2020). 'Are you high?': Marijuana advocates fume over new state-backed ads. The Detroit News. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2020/01/17/are-you-high-marijuana-advocates-fume-over-new-state-backed-ads/4502648002/ Musty, R. E., & Kaback, L. (1995). Relationships between motivation and depression in chronic marijuana users. Life Sciences, 56(23-24), 2151-2158. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(95)00202-h Petrucci, A. S., LaFrance, E. M., & Cuttler, C. (2020). A comprehensive examination of the links between cannabis use and motivation. Substance Use & Misuse, 55(7), 1155-1164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1729203 Pike, G. R., Kuh, G. D., & Massa-McKinley, R. C. (2008). First-year students' employment, engagement, and academic achievement: Untangling the relationship between work and grades. NASPA Journal, 45(4), 560-582. https://doi.org/10.2202/1949-6605.2011 Reilly, D., Didcott, P., Swift, W., & Hall, W. (1998). Long‐term cannabis use: Characteristics of users in an australian rural area. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 93(6), 837-846. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9368375.x Robb, C. A., Moody, B., & Abdel-Ghany, M. (2012). College student persistence to degree: The burden of debt. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 13(4), 431-456. https://doi.org/10.2190/CS.13.4.b Suresh, K. (2011). An overview of randomization techniques: An unbiased assessment of outcome in clinical research. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 4(1), 8-11. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.82352 van Ours, J. C., & Williams, J. (2015). Cannabis use and its effects on health, education and labor market success. Journal of Economic Surveys, 29(5), 993-1010. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12070 Wahlquist, C. (2015). ‘Stoner sloth’ anti-drug campaign gets reality check as medical experts walk away. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/dec/20/stoner-sloth-anti-drug-campaign-gets-reality-check-as-medical-experts-walk-away You Won’t Get High the First Time You Try Cannabis Becker, H. S. (1953). Becoming a marihuana user. American journal of Sociology, 59(3), 235-242. https://doi.org/10.1086/221326 Grotenhermen, F. (2003). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 42(4), 327-360. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003 Huestis MA. (2007). Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(8):1770–1804. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152 MacCallum, C. A., & Russo, E. B. (2018). Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004 Novak, W. (1980). High culture: Marijuana in the lives of americans. Random House (NY). Cannabis is a Gateway Drug Choo, T., Roh, S., & Robinson, M. (2008). Assessing the “Gateway hypothesis” among middle and high school students in Tennessee. Journal of Drug Issues, 38(2), 467-492. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204260803800205 Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2006). Cannabis use and other illicit drug use: Testing the cannabis gateway hypothesis. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 101(4), 556-569. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01322.x Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2006). Testing the cannabis gateway hypothesis: Replies to Hall, Kandel et al. and MacCoun (2006). Addiction, 101(4), 474-476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01450.x Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2000). Does cannabis use encourage other forms of illicit drug use? Addiction (Abingdon, England), 95(4), 505-520. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9545053.x Jorgensen, C., & Wells, J. (2021). Is marijuana really a gateway drug? A nationally representative test of the marijuana gateway hypothesis using a propensity score matching design. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-021-09464-z Kandel, D. (1975). Stages in adolescent involvement in drug use. Science (New York, N.Y.), 190(4217), 912-914. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1188374 Kandel, D., & Faust, R. (1975). Sequence and stages in patterns of adolescent drug use. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32(7), 923-932. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760250115013 Kandel, D. B., Yamaguchi, K., & Klein, L. C. (2006). Testing the gateway hypothesis. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 101(4), 470-476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01426.x Maccoun, R. J. (2006). Competing accounts of the gateway effect: The field thins, but still no clear winner. Addiction, 101(4), 473-474. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01428.x Melberg, H. O., Jones, A. M., & Bretteville-Jensen, A. L. (2010). Is cannabis a gateway to hard drugs? Empirical Economics, 38(3), 583-603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-009-0280-z Miller, M. L., & Hurd, Y. L. (2017). Testing the gateway hypothesis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(5), 985-986. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.279 Nkansah-Amankra, S., & Minelli, M. (2016). “Gateway hypothesis” and early drug use: Additional findings from tracking a population-based sample of adolescents to adulthood. Preventive Medicine Reports, 4, 134-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.05.003 Noel, W.M. & Wang, J. (2018). Is cannabis a gateway drug? Key findings and literature review. National Institute of Justice. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/252950.pdf Robinson, M. B. (2006). Why crime?:An integrated systems theory of antisocial behavior. Recording for the blind & dyslexic. Pearson/Prentice Hall. Cannabis is So Much Stronger Today Than it Was in The 1900s Chandra, S., Radwan, M. M., Majumdar, C. G., Church, J. C., Freeman, T. P., & ElSohly, M. A. (2019). New trends in cannabis potency in USA and Europe during the last decade (2008–2017). European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 269(1), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-019-00983-5 ElSohly, M. A., Mehmedic, Z., Foster, S., Gon, C., Chandra, S., & Church, J. C. (2016). Changes in cannabis potency over the last 2 decades (1995–2014): Analysis of current data in the United States. Biological Psychiatry, 79(7), 613-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.01.004 Freeman, T. P., Groshkova, T., Cunningham, A., Sedefov, R., Griffiths, P., & Lynskey, M. T. (2019). Increasing potency and price of cannabis in Europe, 2006–16. Addiction (Abingdon, Endland),114(6), 1015-1023. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14525 King, L. (2008). Understanding cannabis potency and monitoring cannabis products in europe. In S. R. Sznitman, B. Olsson, & R. Room (Eds.), A cannabis reader - global issues and local experiences (pp.239-259). European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Le France, A. (2010). Was marijuana really less potent in the 1960s? The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/03/was-marijuana-really-less-potent-in-the-1960s/387010/ McLaren, J., Swift, W., Dillon, P., & Allsop, S. (2008). Cannabis potency and contamination: a review of the literature. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 103(7), 1100-1109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02230.x Mehmedic, Z., Chandra, S., Slade, D., Denham, H., Foster, S., Patel, A. S., Ross, S. A., Khan, I. A., & ElSohly, M. A. (2010). Potency trends of Δ9‐THC and other cannabinoids in confiscated cannabis preparations from 1993 to 2008. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 55(5), 1209-1217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01441.x The Thistle. (2000). Myths about marijuana. https://www.mit.edu/~thistle/v13/2/myths.html Cannabis Will Make You a Criminal Adda, J., McConnell, B., & Rasul, I. (2014). Crime and the depenalization of cannabis possession: Evidence from a policing experiment. Journal of Political Economy,122(5), 1130-1202. https://doi.org/10.1086/676932 Boyd, S. (2010). Reefer madness and beyond. In M. Deflem (Ed.), Popular culture, crime and social control (pp.3-24). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1521-6136(2010)0000014004 Brinkman, J., & Mok-Lamme, D. (2019). Not in my backyard? Not so fast. The effect of marijuana legalization on neighborhood crime. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 78, 103460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2019.103460 Dellazizzo, L., Potvin, S., Athanassiou, M., & Dumais, A. (2020). Violence and cannabis use: A focused review of a forgotten aspect in the era of liberalizing cannabis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 567887-567887. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.567887 Denson, T. F., & Earleywine, M. (2008). Self-reported use of alcohol, marijuana, and hard drugs and aggression: A structural equation modeling analysis of an internet survey of long term marijuana users. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 16(2), 164-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926770801921469 Drug Enforcement Administration Museum & Visitors Center (n.d.). Harry jacob anslinger 1930s. https://deamuseum.org/anslinger/in-charge/ Freisthler, B., Gaidus, A., Tam, C., Ponicki, W. R., & Gruenewald, P. J. (2017). From medical to recreational marijuana sales: Marijuana outlets and crime in an era of changing marijuana legislation. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 38(3), 249–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-017-0472-9 Green, K. M., Doherty, E. E., Stuart, E. A., & Ensminger, M. E. (2010). Does heavy adolescent marijuana use lead to criminal involvement in adulthood? Evidence from a multiwave longitudinal study of urban african americans. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 112(1-2), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.05.018 Huber III, A., Newman, R., & LaFave, D. (2016). Cannabis control and crime: Medicinal use, depenalization and the war on drugs. The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 16(4). https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2015-0167 Ostrowsky, M. K. (2011). Does marijuana use lead to aggression and violent behavior? Journal of Drug Education, 41(4), 369-389. https://doi.org/10.2190/DE.41.4.c Pacula, R. L., & Kilmer, B. (2003). Marijuana and crime: Is there a connection beyond prohibition? National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w10046 Pedersen, W., & Skardhamar, T. (2010). Cannabis and crime: findings from a longitudinal study. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 105(1), 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02719.x Riggs, N. R., Chou, C., & Pentz, M. A. (2009). Protecting against intergenerational problem behavior: Mediational effects of prevented marijuana use on second-generation parent child relationships and child impulsivity. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 100(1-2), 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.10.003 Solomon, R. (2020). Racism and its effect on cannabis research. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 5(1), 2-5. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2019.0063 Stringer, R. J., & Maggard, S. R. (2016). Reefer madness to marijuana legalization: Media exposure and american attitudes toward marijuana (1975-2012). Journal of Drug Issues, 46(4), 428-445. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042616659762 Weed Maps. (n.d.). Does smoking weed kill brain cells? https://weedmaps.com/learn/cannabis-and-your-body/does-smoking-weed-kill-brain-cells Wei, E. H., Loeber, R., & White, H. R. (2004). Teasing apart the developmental associations between alcohol and marijuana use and violence. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 20(2), 166–183.https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986204263777 Smoking Cannabis Kills Brain Cells Burggren, A. C., Shirazi, A., Ginder, N., & London, E. D. (2019). Cannabis effects on brain structure, function, and cognition: Considerations for medical uses of cannabis and its derivatives. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 45(6), 563-579. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1634086 Chang, L., Yakupov, R., Cloak, C., & Ernst, T. (2006). Marijuana use is associated with a reorganized visual-attention network and cerebellar hypoactivation. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 129(Pt 5), 1096-1112. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl064 Chen, Y., & Buck, J. (2000). Cannabinoids protect cells from oxidative cell death: A receptor-independent mechanism. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 293(3), 807-812. https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/293/3/807 Chu, Y. W. L., & Gershenson, S. (2018). High times: The effect of medical marijuana laws on student time use. Economics of Education Review, 66, 142-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2018.08.003 Colizzi, M., Tosato, S., & Ruggeri, M. (2020). Cannabis and cognition: Connecting the dots towards the understanding of the relationship. Brain Sciences, 10(3), 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10030133 Cousijn, J., Wiers, R. W., Ridderinkhof, K. R., van den Brink, W., Veltman, D. J., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2014). Effect of baseline cannabis use and working‐memory network function on changes in cannabis use in heavy cannabis users: A prospective fMRI study. Human Brain Mapping, 35(5), 2470-2482. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22342 Fishbein, M., Gov, S., Assaf, F., Gafni, M., Keren, O., & Sarne, Y. (2012). Long-term behavioral and biochemical effects of an ultra-low dose of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): Neuroprotection and ERK signaling. Experimental Brain Research, 221(4), 437-448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-012-3186-5 Harvey, M. A., Sellman, J. D., Porter, R. J., & Frampton, C. M. (2007). The relationship between non-acute adolescent cannabis use and cognition. Drug and Alcohol Review, 26(3), 309-319. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230701247772 Heath, R. G. (1973). Marijuana: Effects on deep and surface electroencephalograms of rhesus monkeys. Neuropharmacology, 12(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(73)90126-3 Jager, G., Kahn, R. S., Van Den Brink, W., Van Ree, J.,M., & Ramsey, N. F. (2006). Long-term effects of frequent cannabis use on working memory and attention: An fMRI 22 study. Psychopharmacology, 185(3), 358-368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-0298-7 Jiang, W., Zhang, Y., Xiao, L., Van Cleemput, J., Ji, S. P., Bai, G., & Zhang, X. (2005). Cannabinoids promote embryonic and adult hippocampus neurogenesis and produce anxiolytic-and antidepressant-like effects. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 115(11), 3104-3116. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI25509 Kanayama, G., Rogowska, J., Pope, H. G., Gruber, S. A., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2004). Spatial working memory in heavy cannabis users: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychopharmacology, 176(3), 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-004-1885-8 Loreto, M. (2021). Does smoking weed kill a person’s brain cells? The Growth Op. nabis-news/does-smoking-weed-kill-a-persons-brain-cells Mechoulam, R., Panikashvili, D., & Shohami, E. (2002). Cannabinoids and brain injury: Therapeutic implications. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 8(2), 58-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4914(02)02276-1 Moreau, J. (2016). “I learned it by watching you!” The partnership for a drug-free america and the attack on “Responsible use” education in the 1980s. Journal of Social History, 49(3), 710-737. https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shv062 O’Neal, C. M., Baker, C. M., Glenn, C. A., Conner, A. K., & Sughrue, M. E. (2017). Dr. robert g. heath: A controversial figure in the history of deep brain stimulation. Neurosurgical Focus, 43(3), E12. https://doi.org/10.3171/2017.6.FOCUS17252 Pope Jr, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Hudson, J. I., Cohane, G., Huestis, M. A., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2003). Early-onset cannabis use and cognitive deficits: What is the nature of the association? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 69(3), 303-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00334-4 Schoeler, T., Kambeitz, J., Behlke, I., Murray, R., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2016). The effects of cannabis on memory function in users with and without a psychotic disorder: Findings from a combined meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 46(1), 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001646 Schreiner, A. M., & Dunn, M. E. (2012). Residual effects of cannabis use on neurocognitive performance after prolonged abstinence: A meta-analysis. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20(5), 420-429. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029117 The Thistle. (2000). Myths about marijuana. https://www.mit.edu/~thistle/v13/2/myths.html Yanes, J. A., Riedel, M. C., Ray, K. L., Kirkland, A. E., Bird, R. T., Boeving, E. R., Reid, M. A., Gonzalez, R., Robinson, J. L., Laird, A. R., & Sutherland, M. T. (2018). Neuroimaging meta-analysis of cannabis use studies reveals convergent functional alterations in brain regions supporting cognitive control and reward processing. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 32(3), 283-295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117744995 You Can Drive Better When You’re High Asbridge, M., Hayden, J. A., & Cartwright, J. L. (2012). Acute cannabis consumption and motor vehicle collision risk: Systematic review of observational studies and meta-analysis. BMJ (Online), 344, e536. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e536 Asbridge, M., Mann, R., Cusimano, M. D., Trayling, C., Roerecke, M., Tallon, J. M., Whipp, A., & Rehm, J. (2014). Cannabis and traffic collision risk: Findings from a case-crossover study of injured drivers presenting to emergency departments. International Journal of Public Health, 59(2), 395-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-013-0512-z Bédard, M., Dubois, S., & Weaver, B. (2007). The impact of cannabis on driving. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 98(1), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03405376 Downey, L. A., King, R., Papafotiou, K., Swann, P., Ogden, E., Boorman, M., & Stough, C. (2013). The effects of cannabis and alcohol on simulated driving: Influences of dose and experience. Accident; analysis and prevention, 50, 879–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.07.016 Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., Van Den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., Rehm, J., & Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health, 107(8), E1-E12. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818 Government of Canada. (2020). Canadian Cannabis Survey 2020: Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a4 Government of Canada. (2021). Don’t drive high. https://www.canada.ca/en/campaign/don-t-drive-high.html Hartman, R. L., & Huestis, M. A. (2013). Cannabis effects on driving skills. Clinical Chemistry, 59(3), 478–492. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.194381 Li, M. C., Brady, J. E., DiMaggio, C. J., Lusardi, A. R., Tzong, K. Y., & Li, G. (2012). Marijuana use and motor vehicle crashes. Epidemiologic Reviews, 34(1), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxr017 McCartney, D., Arkell, T. R., Irwin, C., & McGregor, I. S. (2021). Determining the magnitude  and duration of acute [DELTA].sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinol -induced driving and  cognitive impairment: A systematic and meta-analysis review. Neuroscience and  Biobehavioral Reviews, 126, 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.003 Ramaekers, J. G., Robbe, H. W., & O'Hanlon, J. F. (2000). Marijuana, alcohol and actual driving performance. Human Psychopharmacology, 15(7), 551–558. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1077(200010)15:7<551::AID-HUP236>3.0.CO;2-P Rogeberg, O., & Elvik, R. (2016). The effects of cannabis intoxication on motor vehicle collision revisited and revised. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 111(8), 1348–1359. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13347 Swift, W., Copeland, J., Lenton, S. (2000). Cannabis and harm reduction. Drug and Alcohol Review, 19(1), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230096200 It’s Natural So it’s Harmless American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 Budney, A. J., Hughes, J. R., Moore, B. A., & Vandrey, R. (2004). Review of the validity and significance of cannabis withdrawal syndrome. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(11), 1967-1977. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.1967 Casadio, P., Fernandes, C., Murray, R. M., & Di Forti, M. (2011). Cannabis use in young people: The risk for schizophrenia. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(8), 1779-1787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.007 Chang, L., Yakupov, R., Cloak, C., & Ernst, T. (2006). Marijuana use is associated with a reorganized visual-attention network and cerebellar hypoactivation. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 129(Pt 5), 1096-1112. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl064 Colizzi, M., Tosato, S., & Ruggeri, M. (2020). Cannabis and cognition: Connecting the dots towards the understanding of the relationship. Brain Sciences, 10(3), 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10030133 Joshi, M., Joshi, A., & Bartter, T. (2014). Marijuana and lung diseases. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 20(2), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000026 Moir, D., Rickert, W. S., Levasseur, G., Larose, Y., Maertens, R., White, P., & Desjardins, S. (2008). A comparison of mainstream and sidestream marijuana and tobacco cigarette smoke produced under two machine smoking conditions. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 21(2), 494-502. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx700275p Moore, T. H., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T. R., Jones, P. B., Burke, M., & Lewis, G. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet (London, England), 370(9584), 319-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61162-3 Patel, J., & Marwaha, R. (2021). Cannabis use disorder. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538131/ Salas-Wright, C. P., Carbone, J. T., Holzer, K. J., & Vaughn, M. G. (2019). Prevalence and correlates of cannabis poisoning diagnosis in a national emergency department sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 204, 107564-107564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107564 Schoeler, T., Kambeitz, J., Behlke, I., Murray, R., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2016). The effects of cannabis on memory function in users with and without a psychotic disorder: Findings from a combined meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 46(1), 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001646 Schreiner, A. M., & Dunn, M. E. (2012). Residual effects of cannabis use on neurocognitive performance after prolonged abstinence: A meta-analysis. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20(5), 420-429. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029117 Yanes, J. A., Riedel, M. C., Ray, K. L., Kirkland, A. E., Bird, R. T., Boeving, E. R., Reid, M. A., Gonzalez, R., Robinson, J. L., Laird, A. R., & Sutherland, M. T. (2018). Neuroimaging meta-analysis of cannabis use studies reveals convergent functional alterations in brain regions supporting cognitive control and reward processing. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 32(3), 283-295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117744995 If You Hold the Smoke in Longer You Get More High Azorlosa, J. L., Greenwald, M. K., & Stitzer, M. L. (1995). Marijuana smoking: Effects of varying puff volume and breathhold duration. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 272(2), 560-569. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7853169/ Farris, S. G., & Metrik, J. (2016). Acute effects of cannabis on breath-holding duration. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24(4), 305–312. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000075 Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., Van Den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., Rehm, J. & Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health, 107(8), e1-e12. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818 McClure, E. A., Stitzer, M. L., & Vandrey, R. (2012). Characterizing smoking topography of cannabis in heavy users. Psychopharmacology, 220(2), 309-318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2480-4 Zacny, J. P., & Chait, L. D. (1989). Breathhold duration and response to marijuana smoke. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 33(2), 481–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(89)90534-0 Zacny, J. P., & Chait, L. D. (1991). Response to marijuana as a function of potency and breathhold duration. Psychopharmacology, 103(2), 223-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244207 If You Eat Raw Cannabis, You Will Get High Blake, A., & Nahtigal, I. (2019). The evolving landscape of cannabis edibles. Current Opinion in Food Science, 28, 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.009 Hädener, M., Vieten, S., Weinmann, W., & Mahler, H. (2019). A preliminary investigation of lung availability of cannabinoids by smoking marijuana or dabbing BHO and decarboxylation rate of THC-and CBD-acids. Forensic Science International, 295, 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.12.021 Moreno, T., Dyer, P., & Tallon, S. (2020). Cannabinoid decarboxylation: A comparative kinetic study. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 59(46), 20307-20315. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03791 Nuapia, Y., Maraba, K., Tutu, H., Chimuka, L., & Cukrowska, E. (2021). In situ decarboxylation-pressurized hot water extraction for selective extraction of cannabinoids from cannabis sativa. Chemometric Approach. Molecules, 26(11), 3343. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113343 Wang, M., Wang, Y., Avula, B., Radwan, M. M., Wanas, A. S., van Antwerp, J., Parcher, J. F., ElSohly, M. A., & Khan, I. A. (2016). Decarboxylation study of acidic cannabinoids: A novel approach using ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography/photodiode array-mass spectrometry. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 1(1), 262-271. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0020 Having Cannabis in Your System (ex. Blood Test) Means You are High Odell, M. S., Frei, M. Y., Gerostamoulos, D., Chu, M., & Lubman, D. I. (2015). Residual cannabis levels in blood, urine and oral fluid following heavy cannabis use. Forensic  Science International, 249, 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.01.026 Cannabis and Anesthesia Imasogie, N., Rose, R. V., & Wilson, A. (2021). High quantities: Evaluating the association between cannabis use and propofol anesthesia during endoscopy. PloS One, 16(3), e0248062-e0248062. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248062 Sadighi, T., & Londahl-Ramsey, V. (2021). Cannabis use: Change in screening for primary care preoperative clearance. Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 17(7), 819-822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2021.02.021 Cannabis Harms the Developing Brain Shen, H. (2020). News feature: Cannabis and the adolescent brain. PNAS, 117(1), 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920325116 Cannabis Users are Drug Addicts Government of Canada. (2021, July 2). Addiction to cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/healtheffects/addiction.html You Can Become Addicted After One Try Behrendt, S., Wittchen, H., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., & Beesdo, K. (2008;2009;). Transitions from first substance use to substance use disorders in adolescence: Is early onset associated with a rapid escalation? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 99(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.06.014

Abrams, D. I., Vizoso, H. P., Shade, S. B., Jay, C., Kelly, M. E., & Benowitz, N. L. (2007). Vaporization as a smokeless cannabis delivery system: a pilot study. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 82(5), 572-578. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100200 Adams, I. B., & Martin, B. R. (1996). Cannabis: Pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 91(11), 1585-1614. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.911115852.x Alger, B. E. (2013). Getting high on the endocannabinoid system. Cerebrum : The Dana Forum on Brain Science,  2013, 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3997295/ Allen, J. A., Davis, K. C., Duke, J. C., Nonnemaker, J. M., Bradfield, B. R., & Farrelly, M. C. (2017). New product trial, use of edibles, and unexpected highs among marijuana and hashish users in colorado. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 176, 44-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.006 Arboleda, M. F., Prosk, E., Cyr, C., Gamaoun, R., & Vigano, A. (2020). Medical cannabis in supportive cancer care: Lessons from Canada. Supportive Care in Cancer: Official Journal of Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 28(7), 2999-3001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-020-05403-2 Aston, E. R., Scott, B., & Farris, S. G. (2019). A qualitative analysis of cannabis vaporization among medical users. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 27(4), 301-308. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000279 Azofeifa, A., Mattson, M. E., Schauer, G., McAfee, T., Grant, A., & Lyerla, R. (2016). National estimates of marijuana use and related indicators — national survey on drug use and health, united states, 2002–2014. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C.: 2002), 65(11), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6511a1 Baron, E. P. (2015). Comprehensive review of medicinal marijuana, cannabinoids, and therapeutic implications in medicine and headache: What a long strange trip it's been. Headache, 55(6), 885-916. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12570 Barrus, D. G., Capogrossi, K. L., Cates, S. C., Gourdet, C. K., Peiper, N. C., Novak, S. P., Lefever, T. W., & Wiley, J. L. (2016). Tasty thc: Promises and challenges of cannabis edibles. Methods report (RTI Press), 2016, 10.3768/rtipress.2016.op.0035.1611. https://doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2016.op.0035.1611 Benjamin, D. M., & Fossler, M. J. (2016). Edible cannabis products: it is time for FDA oversight. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 56(9), 1045-1047. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.778 Benzinga. (2018, March 30). Smoking is just one way to use marijuana: An introduction to vaporizers, edibles, oils, tinctures, dabs and other cannabis products. https://www.benzinga.com/general/biotech/18/03/11035855/smoking-is-just-one-way-to-use-marijuana-an-introduction-to-vaporizer Birnbaum, A. K., Karanam, A., Marino, S. E., Barkley, C. M., Remmel, R. P., Roslawski, M., Gramling‐Aden, M., & Leppik, I. E. (2019). Food effect on pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol oral capsules in adult patients with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia (Copenhagen), 60(8), 1586-1592. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16093 Bjorge, P. (2020, March 4). Cannabis tinctures 101: How to make, consume, and dose them. Leafly. https://www.leafly.ca/news/cannabis-101/cannabis-tinctures-101-what-are-they-how-to-make-them-and-how-to Blake, A., & Nahtigal, I. (2019). The evolving landscape of cannabis edibles. Current Opinion in Food Science, 28, 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.009 Bloor, R. N., Wang, T. S., Spanel, P., & Smith, D. (2008). Ammonia release from heated ‘street’ cannabis leaf and its potential toxic effects on cannabis users. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 103(10), 1671-1677. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02281.x Borodovsky, J. T., Crosier, B. S., Lee, D. C., Sargent, J. D., & Budney, A. J. (2016). Smoking, vaping, eating: Is legalization impacting the way people use cannabis? The International Journal of Drug Policy, 36, 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.022 Borodovsky, J. T., Lee, D. C., Crosier, B. S., Gabrielli, J. L., Sargent, J. D., & Budney, A. J. (2017). U.S. cannabis legalization and use of vaping and edible products among youth. Drug and alcohol dependence, 177, 299-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.017 Bottorff, J. L., Bissell, L. J., Balneaves, L. G., Oliffe, J. L., Capler, N. R., & Buxton, J. (2013). Perceptions of cannabis as a stigmatized medicine: A qualitative descriptive study. Harm Reduction Journal, 10(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-10-2 Calapai, F., Cardia, L., Sorbara, E. E., Navarra, M., Gangemi, S., Calapai, G., & Mannucci, C. (2020). Cannabinoids, blood-brain barrier, and brain disposition. Pharmaceutics, 12(3), 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030265 Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. (2019). 7 things about edible cannabis. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-06/CCSA-7-Things-About-Edible-Cannabis-2019-en.pdf Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. (2019). Edible cannabis: Always read the label. https://ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-10/CCSA-Edible-Cannabis-Read-Label-Infographic-2019-en.pdf Cannabis Regulations (SOR/2018-144). https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Regulations/SOR-2018-144/index.html  Capano, A., Weaver, R., & Burkman, E. (2020). Evaluation of the effects of CBD hemp extract on opioid use and quality of life indicators in chronic pain patients: A prospective cohort study. Postgraduate Medicine, 132(1), 56-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2019.1685298 Carter, G. T., Weydt, P., Kyashna-Tocha, M., & Abrams, D. I. (2004). Medicinal cannabis: Rational guidelines for dosing. IDrugs: The Investigational Drugs Journal, 7(5), 464-470. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15154108/ Chait, L. D., & Zacny, J. P. (1992). Reinforcing and subjective effects of oral Δ 9-thc and smoked marijuana in humans. Psychopharmacology, 107(2), 255-262. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02245145 Cone, E. J., Johnson, R. E., Paul, B. D., Mell, L. D., & Mitchell, J. (1988). Marijuana-laced brownies: Behavioral effects, physiologic effects, and urinalysis in humans following ingestion. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 12(4), 169-175. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/12.4.169 Craft, S., Winstock, A., Ferris, J., Mackie, C., Lynskey, M. T., & Freeman, T. P. (2020;2019;). Characterising heterogeneity in the use of different cannabis products: Latent class analysis with 55 000 people who use cannabis and associations with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 50(14), 2364-2373. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719002460 Cranford, J. A., Bohnert, K. M., Perron, B. E., Bourque, C., & Ilgen, M. (2016). Prevalence and correlates of “Vaping” as a route of cannabis administration in medical cannabis patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 169, 41– 47. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.008 CSSDP. (2018). Sensible cannabis education - A toolkit for educating youth. https://cssdp.org/uploads/2018/04/Sensible-Cannabis-Education-A-Toolkit-for-Educating-Youth.pdf CSSDP. (2019). Cannabis harm reduction. https://cssdp.org/uploads/2019/09/Cannabis-Harm-Reduction.pdf Curran, V. H., Brignell, C., Fletcher, S., Middleton, P., & Henry, J. (2002). Cognitive and subjective dose-response effects of acute oral Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (thc) in infrequent cannabis users. Psychopharmacology, 164(1), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-002-1169-0 Cuttler, C., Mischley, L. K., & Sexton, M. (2016). Sex differences in cannabis use and effects: A cross-sectional survey of cannabis users. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 1(1), 166-175. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0010 Dalgarno, P., & Shewan, D. (2005). Reducing the risks of drug use: The case for set and setting. Addiction Research & Theory, 13(3), 259-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350500053562 Ewusi Boisvert, E., Bae, D., Pang, R. D., Davis, J. P., Kelley-Quon, L. I., Barrington-Trimis, J. L., Kirkpatrick, M. G., Chai, S. H., & Leventhal, A. M. (2020). Subjective effects of combustible, vaporized, and edible cannabis: Results from a survey of adolescent cannabis users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 206, 107716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107716 Farmer, S., Slavin, M. N., Loflin, M. J. E., Luba, R., & Earleywine, M. (2019). Aversiveness and meaningfulness of uncomfortable experiences with edible cannabis. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(5), 413-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1645371 Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., Van Den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., Rehm, J., & Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health, 107(8), E1-E12. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818 Fligiel, S. E., Roth, M. D., Kleerup, E. C., Barsky, S. H., Simmons, M. S., & Tashkin, D. P. (1997). Tracheobronchial histopathology in habitual smokers of cocaine, marijuana, and/or tobacco. Chest, 112(2), 319-326. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.112.2.319 Franciosi, A. (2017). THC patch: The ultimate guide to thc transdermal patches. Honest Marijuana. https://honestmarijuana.com/thc-patch/ Freeman, T. P., & Winstock, A. R. (2015). Examining the profile of high-potency cannabis and its association with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 45(15), 3181-3189. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001178 Geshtakovska, G., & Stefkov, G. (2016). Routes of cannabis administration: A brief review. Your hosts Macedonian Pharmaceutical Association and Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 515. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marija-Vavlukis/publication/303899331_Impact_of_SLCO1B1_521TC_and_388AG_polymorphisms_on_response_to_atorvastatin_in_the_albanian_population/links/575bf9a708ae9a9c9556fa65/Impact-of-SLCO1B1-521TC-and-388AG-polymorphisms-on-response-to-atorvastatin-in-the-albanian-population.pdf#page=515 Ghosh, T. S., Van Dyke, M., Maffey, A., Whitley, E., Erpelding, D., & Wolk, L. (2015). Medical marijuana’s public health lessons—implications for retail marijuana in Colorado. The New England Journal of Medicine, 372(11), 991-993. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1500043 Gieringer, D. H. (2001). Cannabis “Vaporization”: A promising strategy for smoke harm reduction. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 1(3-4), 153-170. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v01n03_10 Giombi, K. C., Kosa, K. M., Rains, C., & Cates, S. C. (2018). Consumers' perceptions of edible marijuana products for recreational use: Likes, dislikes, and reasons for use. Substance use & Misuse, 53(4), 541-547. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1343353 Government of Canada. (2019, December 13). Canadian Cannabis Survey 2019-Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/canadian-cannabis-survey-2019-summary.html Government of Canada. (2019). Cannabis: Lower your risks. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/loWer-your-risks.html Government of Canada. (2019). Final regulations: Edible cannabis, cannabis extracts, cannabis topicals. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/documents/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/final-regulations-edible-cannabis-extracts-topical-eng.pdf Grewal, J. K., & Loh, L. C. (2020). Health considerations of the legalization of cannabis edibles. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal, 192(1), E1–E2. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191217 Grof, C. P. L. (2018). Cannabis, from plant to pill. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 84(11), 2463-2467. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13618 Grotenhermen, F. (2001). Harm reduction associated with inhalation and oral administration of cannabis and thc. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 1(3-4), 133-152. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v01n03_09 Grotenhermen, F. (2003). Clinical pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 3(1), 3-51. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v03n01_02 Grotenhermen, F. (2007). The toxicology of cannabis and cannabis prohibition. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(8), 1744-1769. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790151 Halperin, A. (2018). 'You're not going to die': How to survive an edible marijuana overdose. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/nov/18/marijuana-cannabis-edibles-overdose-too-much Hart, C. L., Ward, A. S., Haney, M., Comer, S. D., Foltin, R. W., & Fischman, M. W. (2002). Comparison of smoked marijuana and oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans. Psychopharmacology, 164(4), 407-415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-002-1231-y Hartogsohn, I. (2017). Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting. Drug Science, Policy and Law. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325 Haug, N. A., Padula, C. B., Sottile, J. E., Vandrey, R., Heinz, A. J., & Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2017). Cannabis use patterns and motives: A comparison of younger, middle-aged, and older medical cannabis dispensary patients. Addictive Behaviors, 72, 14-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.03.006 Hazekamp, A., Ruhaak, R., Zuurman, L., van Gerven, J., & Verpoorte, R. (2006). Evaluation of a vaporizing device (Volcano) for the pulmonary administration of tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 95(6), 1308 –1317. http://doi.org/10.1002/jps.20574 Hillig, K. W., & Mahlberg, P. G. (2004). A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in cannabis (Cannabaceae). American Journal of Botany, 91(6), 966-975. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.6.966 Huestis, M. A. (2007). Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chemistry & biodiversity, 4(8), 1770-1804. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152 Jett, J., Stone, E., Warren, G., & Cummings, K. M. (2018). Cannabis use, lung cancer, and related issues. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 13(4), 480-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2017.12.013 Jones, C. B., Hill, M. L., Pardini, D. A., & Meier, M. H. (2016). Prevalence and correlates of vaping cannabis in a sample of young adults. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(8), 915-921. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000217 Karschner, E. L., Darwin, W. D., Goodwin, R. S., Wright, S., & Huestis, M. A. (2011). Plasma cannabinoid pharmacokinetics following controlled oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and oromucosal cannabis extract administration. Clinical chemistry, 57(1), 66-75. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.152439 Kostadinov, V., & Roche, A. (2017). Bongs and baby boomers: Trends in cannabis use among older australians. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 36(1), 56-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12357 Lamy, F. R., Daniulaityte, R., Sheth, A., Nahhas, R. W., Martins, S. S., Boyer, E. W., & Carlson, R. G. (2016). “Those edibles hit hard”: Exploration of twitter data on cannabis edibles in the U.S. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 164, 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.029 Lankenau, S. E., Fedorova, E. V., Reed, M., Schrager, S. M., Iverson, E., & Wong, C. F. (2017). Marijuana practices and patterns of use among young adult medical marijuana patients and non-patient marijuana users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 170, 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.025 Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S., & Murphy, S. (2015). A safer alternative: Cannabis substitution as harm reduction. Drug and Alcohol Review, 34(6), 654-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12275 Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S., & Murphy, S. (2015). Responsible and controlled use: Older cannabis users and harm reduction. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 26(8), 709–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.008 Lemberger, L., Martz, R., Rodda, B., Forney, R., & Rowe, H. (1973). Comparative pharmacology of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolite, 11-OH-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 52(10), 2411-2417. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI107431 Levinsohn, E. A., & Hill, K. P. (2020). Clinical uses of cannabis and cannabinoids in the unitedstates. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 411, 116717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116717 Loflin, M., & Earleywine, M. (2014). A new method of cannabis ingestion: The dangers of dabs? Addictive Behaviors, 39(10), 1430-1433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.05.013 Loflin, M., & Earleywine, M. (2015). No smoke, no fire: What the initial literature suggests regarding vapourized cannabis and respiratory risk. Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy: CJRT, 51(1), 7-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26078621/ MacCallum, C. A., & Russo, E. B. (2018). Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004 MacCoun, R. J., & Mello, M. M. (2015). Half-baked—the retail promotion of marijuana edibles. The New England Journal of Medicine, 372(11), 989-991. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1416014 Marangoni, I. P., & Marangoni, A. G. (2019). Cannabis edibles: Dosing, encapsulation, and stability considerations. Current Opinion in Food Science, 28, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.01.005 Mariani, J. J., Brooks, D., Haney, M., & Levin, F. R. (2011). Quantification and comparison of marijuana smoking practices: Blunts, joints, and pipes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 113(2-3), 249-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.08.008 Marsot, A., Audebert, C., Attolini, L., Lacarelle, B., Micallef, J., & Blin, O. (2017). Population pharmacokinetics model of thc used by pulmonary route in occasional cannabis smokers. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods, 85, 49-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2017.02.003 Moore, T. R. (2002). A primer of drug action: A concise nontechnical guide to the actions, uses, and side effects of psychoactive drugs, ninth edition. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 59(11), 1130-1131. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/59.11.1130a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017 Jan 12. https://doi.org/10.17226/24625 OCS. (n.d.). Intro to cannabis beverages. Retrieved October 20, 2021, from https://ocs.ca/blogs/cannabis-basics/intro-to-cannabis-beverages Ohlsson, A., Lindgren, J. E., Wahlen, A., Agurell, S., Hollister, L. E., & Gillespie, H. K. (1980). Plasma delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations and clinical effects after oral and intravenous administration and smoking. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 28(3), 409-416. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1980.181 Pacula, R. L., Jacobson, M., & Maksabedian, E. J. (2016). In the weeds: a baseline view of cannabis use among legalizing states and their neighbours. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 111(6), 973-980. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13282 Papaseit, E., Pérez-Mañá, C., Pérez-Acevedo, A. P., Hladun, O., Torres-Moreno, M. C., Muga, R., Torrens, M., & Farré, M. (2018). Cannabinoids: from pot to lab. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 15(12), 1286–1295. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.27087 Perkins, D. (2021, August 5). Understanding milligram doses in cannabis drinks. Sorse Technology. https://sorsetech.com/understanding-milligram-doses-in-cannabis-drinks/ Ribeiro, L. I., & Ind, P. W. (2016). Effect of cannabis smoking on lung function and respiratory symptoms: A structured literature review. NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine, 26(1), 16071. https://doi.org/10.1038/npjpcrm.2016.71 Rotermann, M. (2021). Looking back from 2020, how cannabis use and related behaviours changed in canada. Health Reports, 32(4), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202100400001-eng Russell, C., Rueda, S., Room, R., Tyndall, M., & Fischer, B. (2018). Routes of administration for cannabis use – basic prevalence and related health outcomes: A scoping review and synthesis. The International Journal of Drug Policy, 52, 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.008 Russo E. B. (2011). Taming thc: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), 1344–1364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x Sadhir, M. (2016). Pharmacology of cannabis. Journal of Pain Management, 9(4), 375-379. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pediatrics_facpub/265/ Schauer, G. L., King, B. A., Bunnell, R. E., Promoff, G., & McAfee, T. A. (2016). Toking, vaping, and eating for health or fun: Marijuana use patterns in adults, U.S., 2014. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.05.027 Schlienz, N. J., Spindle, T. R., Cone, E. J., Herrmann, E. S., Bigelow, G. E., Mitchell, J. M., Flegel, R., LoDico, C., & Vandrey, R. (2020). Pharmacodynamic dose effects of oral cannabis ingestion in healthy adults who infrequently use cannabis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 211, 107969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107969 Schmidt, E. (2020, February 6). Water-soluble cannabinoids: A challenge and solution for the cannabis beverage market. ACS Laboratory. https://acslabcannabis.com/blog/cannabinoids/water-soluble-cannabinoids-a-challenge-and-solution-for-the-cannabis-beverage-market/ Shakya, P., Madhav, N. V. S., Shakya, A. K., & Singh, K. (2011). Palatal mucosa as a route for systemic drug delivery: A review. Journal of Controlled Release, 151(1), 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.003 Shiplo, S., Asbridge, M., Leatherdale, S. T., & Hammond, D. (2016). Medical cannabis use in Canada: Vapourization and modes of delivery. Harm Reduction Journal, 13(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-016-0119-9 Simpson, K. A., Cho, J., & Barrington-Trimis, J. L. (2021). The association of type of cannabis product used and frequency of use with problematic cannabis use in a sample of young adult cannabis user. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 226, 108865-108865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108865 Sith, D., Bloor, R., George, C., Pysanenko, A., & Španěl, P. (2015). Release of toxic ammonia and volatile organic compounds by heated cannabis and their relation to tetrahydrocannabinol content. Analytical Methods, 7(10), 4104-4110. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5AY00593K Subritzky, T., Pettigrew, S., & Lenton, S. (2016). Issues in the implementation and evolution of the commercial recreational cannabis market in Colorado. International Journal of Drug Policy, 27, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.12.001 Swan, C., Ferro, M. A., & Thompson, K. (2021). Does how you use matter? The link between mode of use and cannabis-related risk. Addictive Behaviors, 112, 106620-106620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106620 Tetrault, J. M., Crothers, K., Moore, B. A., Mehra, R., Concato, J., & Fiellin, D. A. (2007). Effects of marijuana smoking on pulmonary function and respiratory complications: A systematic review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(3), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.3.221 The Canadian Press. (2019, October 18). Edibles, vapes and oils: What you need to know about cannabis 2.0. CTV News. https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/edibles-vapes-and-oils-what-you-need-to-know-about-cannabis-2-0-1.4644511 Timberlake, D. S. (2009). A comparison of drug use and dependence between blunt smokers and other cannabis users. Substance use & Misuse, 44(3), 401-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080802347651 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2009). World drug report. https://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2009/WDR2009_eng_web.pdf Urits, I., Gress, K., Charipova, K., Habib, K., Lee, D., Lee, C., Jung, J. W., Kassem, H., Cornett, E., Paladini, A., Varrassi, G., Kaye, A., D., Viswanath, O. (2020). Use of cannabidiol (CBD) for the treatment of chronic pain. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology, 34(3), 463-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpa.2020.06.004 van der Pol, P., Liebregts, N., Brunt, T., van Amsterdam, J., de Graaf, R., Korf, D. J., van den Brink, W., & van Laar, M. (2014). Cross-sectional and prospective relation of cannabis potency, dosing and smoking behaviour with cannabis dependence: An ecological study. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 109(7), 1101-1109. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12508 Varlet, V., Concha-Lozano, N., Berthet, A., Plateel, G., Favrat, B., De Cesare, M., Lauer, E., Augsburger, M., Thomas, A. and Giroud, C. (2016). Drug vaping applied to cannabis: Is “Cannavaping” a therapeutic alternative to marijuana? Scientific reports, 6(1), 25599. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25599 Wang, M., Wang, Y., Avula, B., Radwan, M. M., Wanas, A. S., van Antwerp, J., Parcher, J. F., ElSohly, M. A., & Khan, I. A. (2016). Decarboxylation study of acidic cannabinoids: A novel approach using ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography/photodiode array-mass spectrometry. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 1(1), 262-271. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0020 Watanabe, K., Yamaori, S., Funahashi, T., Kimura, T., & Yamamoto, I. (2007). Cytochrome p450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of tetrahydrocannabinols and cannabinol by human hepatic microsomes. Life Sciences, 80(15), 1415-1419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2006.12.032 Watkins, A. (2020, March 4). Understanding edible and beverage onset times. Cannabis Retailer. https://cannabisretailer.ca/2020/understanding-edible-and-beverage-onset-times/ White, A. E., Van Tubbergen, C., Raymes, B., Contreras, A. E., & Scallan Walter, E. J. (2020). Cannabis-infused edible products in colorado: Food safety and public health implications. American Journal of Public Health, 110(6), 790-795. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305601 Zinberg, N. E. (1984). Drug, set, and setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use. Yale University Press.

Asbridge, M., Hayden, J. A., & Cartwright, J. L. (2012). Acute cannabis consumption and motor vehicle collision risk: Systematic review of observational studies and meta-analysis. BMJ (Online), 344, e536. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e536 Asbridge, M., Mann, R., Cusimano, M. D., Trayling, C., Roerecke, M., Tallon, J. M., Whipp, A., & Rehm, J. (2014). Cannabis and traffic collision risk: Findings from a case- crossover study of injured drivers presenting to emergency departments. International Journal of Public Health, 59(2), 395-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-013-0512-z Ball, A. L. (2007). Hiv, injecting drug use and harm reduction: A public health response. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 102(5), 684-690. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01761.x Barrus, D. G., Capogrossi, K. L., Cates, S. C., Gourdet, C. K., Peiper, N. C., Novak, S. P., Lefever, T. W., & Wiley, J. L. (2016). Tasty thc: Promises and challenges of cannabis edibles. Methods Report (RTI Press), 2016, 10.3768/rtipress.2016.op.0035.1611. https://doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2016.op.0035.1611 Batalla, A., Bhattacharyya, S., Yuecel, M., Fusar-Poli, P., Crippa, J. A., Nogue, S., Torrens, M., Pujol, J., Farre, M., & Martin-Santos, R. (2013). Structural and functional imaging studies in chronic cannabis users: A systematic review of adolescent and adult findings. PloS One, 8(2), e55821. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055821 Bédard, M., Dubois, S., & Weaver, B. (2007). The impact of cannabis on driving. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 98(1), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03405376 Bhattacharyya, S., Fusar-Poli, P., Borgwardt, S., Martin-Santos, R., O'Carroll, C., Crippa, J., Atakan, Z., & McGuire, P. (2009). P. 3.02 opposite neural effects of the main psychoactive ingredients of cannabis—Implications for therapeutics. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 19, S63-S64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-977X(09)70072-0 Blake, A., & Nahtigal, I. (2019). The evolving landscape of cannabis edibles. Current Opinion in Food Science, 28, 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.009 Canadian Nurses Association. (2017). Harm reduction for non-medical cannabis use. https://hl-prod-ca-oc-download.s3-ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/CNA/2f975e7e-4a40-45ca-863c-5ebf0a138d5e/UploadedImages/documents/Harm_Reduction_for_Non_Medical_Cannabis_Use.pdf Cannabis Regulations (SOR/2018-144). https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/sor-2018-144/ Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L., Lynskey, M., Sanci, L., & Patton, G. C. (2002). Cannabis dependence in young adults: An australian population study. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 97(2), 187-194. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00029.x D'Souza, D. C., Perry, E., MacDougall, L., Ammerman, Y., Cooper, T., Braley, G., Gueorguieva, R., & Krystal, J. H. (2004). The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29(8), 1558-1572. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300496 D’Souza, D. C., Sewell, R. A., & Ranganathan, M. (2009). Cannabis and psychosis/schizophrenia: Human studies. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 259(7), 413-431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-009-0024-2 Earleywine, M., & Barnwell, S. S. (2007). Decreased respiratory symptoms in cannabis users who vaporize. Harm Reduction Journal, 4(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-4-11 Einstein, S. (2007). Harm and risk reduction: History, theories, issues, and implications. Substance Use & Misuse, 42(2-3), 257-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080601141990 Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., Van Den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., Rehm, J. & Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health, 107(8), e1-e12. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818 Fontes, M. A., Bolla, K. I., Cunha, P. J., Almeida, P. P., Jungerman, F., Laranjeira, R. R., Bressan, R. A., & Lacerda, A. L. (2011). Cannabis use before age 15 and subsequent executive functioning. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 198(6), 442–447. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077479 Freeman, T. P., & Winstock, A. R. (2015). Examining the profile of high-potency cannabis and its association with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 45(15), 3181-3189. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001178 Ganzer, F., Bröning, S., Kraft, S., Sack, P. M., & Thomasius, R. (2016). Weighing the evidence: A systematic review on long-term neurocognitive effects of cannabis use in abstinent adolescents and adults. Neuropsychology Review, 26(2), 186–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-016-9316-2 Gieringer, D. H. (2001). Cannabis “vaporization” a promising strategy for smoke harm reduction. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 1(3-4), 153-170. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v01n03_10 Goldschmidt, L., Richardson, G. A., Larkby, C., & Day, N. L. (2016). Early marijuana initiation: The link between prenatal marijuana exposure, early childhood behavior, and negative adult roles. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 58, 40-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2016.05.011 Government of Canada. (2019). Cannabis: Lower your risks. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/loWer-your-risks.html Government of Canada. (2021). Don’t drive high. https://www.canada.ca/en/campaign/don-t-drive-high.html Gray, T. R., Eiden, R. D., Leonard, K. E., Connors, G. J., Shisler, S., & Huestis, M. A. (2010). Identifying prenatal cannabis exposure and effects of concurrent tobacco exposure on neonatal growth. Clinical Chemistry, 56(9), 1442–1450. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.147876 Grotenhermen, F. (2003). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 42(4), 327-360. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003 Hall, W., & Degenhardt, L. (2008). Cannabis use and the risk of developing a psychotic disorder. World Psychiatry, 7(2), 68-71. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00158.x Hartman, R. L., & Huestis, M. A. (2013). Cannabis effects on driving skills. Clinical Chemistry, 59(3), 478–492. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.194381 Hartogsohn, I. (2017). Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325 Hawk, M., Coulter, R.W. S., Egan, J. E., Fisk, S., Reuel Friedman, M., Tula, M., & Kinsky, S. (2017). Harm reduction principles for healthcare settings. Harm Reduction Journal, 14(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0196-4 Hawke, L. D., Wilkins, L., & Henderson, J. (2020). Early cannabis initiation: Substance use and mental health profiles of service-seeking youth. Journal of Adolescence, 83, 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.06.004 Hazekamp, A., Ruhaak, R., Zuurman, L., van Gerven, J., & Verpoorte, R. (2006). Evaluation of a vaporizing device (Volcano®) for the pulmonary administration of tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 95(6), 1308-1317. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.20574 Hines, L. A., Freeman, T. P., Gage, S. H., Zammit, S., Hickman, M., Cannon, M., Munafo, M., MacLeod, J., & Heron, J. (2020). Association of high-potency cannabis use with mental health and substance use in adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(10), 1044-1051. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1035 Hosseini, S., & Oremus, M. (2019). The effect of age of initiation of cannabis use on psychosis, depression, and anxiety among youth under 25 years. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 64(5), 304-312. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743718809339 Hurd, Y. L., Manzoni, O. J.,Pletnikov, M. V., Lee, F. S., Bhattacharyya, S., & Melis, M. (2019). Cannabis and the developing brain: Insights into its long-lasting effects. Journal of Neuroscience, 39(42), 8250-8258. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1165-19.2019 Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Assess the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction, Stratton, K., Shetty, W., Wallace, R., Bondurant, S. (Eds.). (2001). Clearing the smoke: Assessing the science base for tobacco harm reduction. National Academies Press (US). https://doi.org/10.17226/10029 Koskinen, J., Lohonen, J., Koponen, H., Isohanni, M., & Miettunen, J. (2010). Rate of cannabis use disorders in clinical samples of patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(6), 1115-1130. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp031 Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S. O., & Murphy, S. (2015). Responsible and controlled use: Older cannabis users and harm reduction. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(8), 709-718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.008 Lev-Ran, S., Roerecke, M., Le Foll, B., George, T. P., McKenzie, K., & Rehm, J. (2014). The association between cannabis use and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine, 44(4), 797–810. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713001438 Li, M. C., Brady, J. E., DiMaggio, C. J., Lusardi, A. R., Tzong, K. Y., & Li, G. (2012). Marijuana use and motor vehicle crashes. Epidemiologic Reviews, 34(1), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxr017 Looby, A., & Earleywine, M. (2007). Negative consequences associated with dependence in daily cannabis users. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 2(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-2-3 MacCallum, C. A., & Russo, E. B. (2018). Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004 MacMaster, S. A. (2004). Harm reduction: A new perspective on substance abuse services. Social Work, 49(3), 356-363. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/49.3.353 Marconi, A., Di Forti, M., Lewis, C. M., Murray, R. M., & Vassos, E. (2016). Meta-analysis of the association between the level of cannabis use and risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(5), 1262-1269. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw003 Marlatt, G. A. (1996). Harm reduction: Come as you are. Addictive Behaviors, 21(6), 779-788. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(96)00042-1 Moore, T. H., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T. R., Jones, P. B., Burke, M., & Lewis, G. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: A systematic review. Lancet (London, England), 370(9584), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61162-3 Nickel J. C. (2018). Medical marijuana for urologic chronic pelvic pain. Canadian Urological Association Journal, 12(6 Suppl 3), S181–S183. https://doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.5331 Noack, R., Höfler, M., & Lüken, U. (2011). Cannabis use patterns and their association with dsm-iv cannabis dependence and gender. European Addiction Research, 17(6), 321-328. https://doi.org/10.1159/000333338 Patton, G. C., Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L., Lynskey, M., & Hall, W. (2002). Cannabis use and mental health in young people: Cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 325(7374), 1195–1198. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1195 Pope Jr, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Hudson, J. I., Cohane, G., Huestis, M. A., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2003). Early-onset cannabis use and cognitive deficits: what is the nature of the association? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 69(3), 303-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00334-4 Rogeberg, O., & Elvik, R. (2016). The effects of cannabis intoxication on motor vehicle collision revisited and revised. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 111(8), 1348–1359. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13347 Ruiz-Veguilla, M., Barrigón, M. L., Hernández, L., Rubio, J. L., Gurpegui, M., Sarramea, F., Cervilla, J., Gutiérrez, B., James, A., & Ferrin, M. (2013). Dose–response effect between cannabis use and psychosis liability in a non-clinical population: Evidence from a snowball sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(8), 1036-1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.03.003 Schlag, A. K., Hindocha, C., Zafar, R., Nutt, D. J., & Curran, H. V. (2021). Cannabis based medicines and cannabis dependence: A critical review of issues and evidence. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35(7), 773-785. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120986393 Schlossarek, S., Kempkensteffen, J., Reimer, J., & Verthein, U. (2016). Psychosocial determinants of cannabis dependence: A systematic review of the literature. European Addiction Research, 22(3), 131-144. https://doi.org/10.1159/000441777 Schreiber, S., & Pick, C. G. (2019). Cannabis use during pregnancy: Are we at the verge of defining a “fetal cannabis spectrum disorder”? Medical hypotheses, 124, 53-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2019.02.017 Shewan, D., Dalgarno, P., & Reith, G. (2000). Perceived risk and risk reduction among ecstasy users: the role of drug, set, and setting. International Journal of Drug Policy, 10(6), 431-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(99)00038-9 Solomon, C. S., Solomon, G. D., & Elliott, W. (2020). The abcs of cbd: The fundamentals of cannabidiol. Primary Care Reports, 26(8). https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/146607-the-abcs-of-cbd-the-fundamentals-of-cannaBidiol Stöver, H., & Kastelic, A. (2014). 14. Drug treatment and harm reduction in prisons. Prisons and Health, 113-133. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/249203/Prisons-and-Health,-14-Drug-treatment-and-harm-reduction-in-prisons.pdf Swift, J., Copeland, S., Lenton, W. (2000). Cannabis and harm reduction. Drug and Alcohol Review, 19(1), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230096200 Swift, W., Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L., & Patton, G. C. (2008). Adolescent cannabis users at 24 years: Trajectories to regular weekly use and dependence in young adulthood. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 103(8), 1361-1370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02246.x Tabchi, S., & Ghosn, M. (2015). Regorafenib: start low and go slow. Targeted Oncology, 10(3), 445-447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-014-0352-7 Tashkin, D. P., Gliederer, F., Rose, J., Change, P., Hui, K. K., Yu, J. L., & Wu, T. C. (1991). Effects of varying marijuana smoking profile on deposition of tar and absorption of co and delta-9-thc. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 40(3), 651–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(91)90377-e Van Dam, N. T., & Earleywine, M. (2010). Pulmonary function in cannabis users: Support for a clinical trial of the vaporizer. International Journal of Drug Policy, 21(6), 511-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.04.001 Willford, J. A., Chandler, L. S., Goldschmidt, L., & Day, N. L. (2010). Effects of prenatal tobacco, alcohol and marijuana exposure on processing speed, visual-motor coordination, and interhemispheric transfer. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 32(6), 580–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2010.06.004 Winters, K. C., & Lee, C. S. (2007;2008;). Likelihood of developing an alcohol and cannabis use disorder during youth: Association with recent use and age. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 92(1), 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.005 Zacny, J. P., & Chait, L. D. (1989). Breathhold duration and response to marijuana smoke. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 33(2), 481–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(89)90534-0 Zacny, J. P., & Chait, L. D. (1991). Response to marijuana as a function of potency and breathhold duration. Psychopharmacology, 103(2), 223-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244207 Zinberg, N. E. (1984). Drug, set, and setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use. Yale University Press.

Armstrong, M. J. (2018, October 16). Legal cannabis vs. black market: Can it compete? The Conversation. Retrieved February 1, 2020, from https://theconversation.com/legal-cannabis-vs-black-market-can-it-compete-104915. Ashton, C. H. (2001). Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: A brief review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178(2), 101-106. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.2.101 Beirness, D. J., & Porath-Waller, A. J. (2019). Clearing the smoke on cannabis: Cannabis use and driving -an update. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-10/CCSA-Cannabis-Use-Driving-Report-2019-en_1.pdf Berghaus, G., & Guo, B.L. (1995). Medicines and driver fitness—findings from a meta-analysis of experimental studies as basic information to patients, physicians, and experts. Transportation Research Board. https://trid.trb.org/view/470158 Bjorge, P. (2020, March 4). Cannabis tinctures 101: How to make, consume, and dose them. Leafly.https://www.leafly.ca/news/cannabis-101/cannabis-tinctures-101-what-are-they-how-to-make-them-and-how-to Boone, S. (2021, April 16). Curious about the indica vs. sativa debate? Learn the real difference. Scary Mommy. https://www.scarymommy.com/indica-vs-sativa/#:~:text=Indica%20plants%20are%20short%20and%20stocky%20with%20broad,written%20records%20of%20their%20distinct%20genetics%20and%20evolution. Borodovsky, J. T., Crosier, B. S., Lee, D. C., Sargent, J. D., & Budney, A. J. (2016). Smoking, vaping, eating: Is legalization impacting the way people use cannabis? The International Journal of Drug Policy, 36, 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.022 Boshkova, M., (2018). Why do people smoke weed? The top 12 reasons. Higher Mentality. https://www.highermentality.com/why-people-smoke-weed/ Capler, R. (2009). Why people use cannabis. Visions: BC’s Mental Health and Substance Use Journal, 5(4), 9. https://www.heretohelp.bc.ca/why-people-use-cannabis Duvall, C., S, (2019). “Decriminalization doesn’t erase marijuana’s class and race problems.” Opposing viewpoints online collection, Gale, 2019. www.gale.com. Originally published as “Decriminalization doesn’t address marijuana’s standing as a drug of the poor,” The Conversation, 31 Mar. 2015. https://www.gale.com/open-access/marijuana Fataar, F., Goodman, S., Wadsworth, E., & Hammond, D. (2021). Consumer perceptions of ‘legal’ and ‘illegal’ cannabis in us states with legal cannabis sales. Addictive Behaviors, 112, 106563-106563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106563 Franciosi, A. (2017). THC patch: The ultimate guide to thc transdermal patches. Honest Marijuana. https://honestmarijuana.com/thc-patch/ Fraser, G., A., (2009). The use of a synthetic cannabinoid in the management of treatment-resistant nightmares in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 15(1), 84-88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00071.x Gilbert, A. N., & DiVerdi, J. A. (2018). Consumer perceptions of strain differences in cannabis aroma. PloS One, 13(2), e0192247-e0192247. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192247 Government of Canada. (2019). What you need to know before you choose to consume cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/wHat-you-need-to-know-if-you-choose-to-consume-cannabis.html Government of Canada. (2020). Canadian Cannabis Survey 2020: Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a2 Government of Canada. (2020). What you need to know about cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/campaigns/cannabis/canadians.html#a7 Government of Ontario. (2021). Cannabis and driving. Learn about the laws and penalties, and how cannabis affects your driving. https://www.ontario.ca/page/cannabis-and-driving Hartman, R. L., Brown, T. L., Milavetz, G., Spurgin, A., Pierce, R. S., Gorelick, D. A., Gaffney, G., & Huestis, M. A. (2015). Cannabis effects on driving lateral control with and without alcohol. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 154, 25-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.015 Hartman, R. L., & Huestis, M. A. (2013). Cannabis effects on driving skills. Clinical Chemistry (Baltimore, Md.), 59(3), 478-492. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.194381 Hartogsohn, I. (2017). Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting. Drug Science, Policy and Law. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325 Holland, K. (2021). Sativa vs. indica: What to expect across cannabis types and strains. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/sativa-vs-indica Huestis, M. A. (2007). Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(8), 1770- 1804. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152 Legal vs. illegal: Inside canada’s marketplace. (2020). Responsible Cannabis Use. https://thercu.org/blogs/blog/legal-vs-illegal-inside-canada-s-cannabis-marketplace Livingston, L., (2018). 6 uses for indica cannabis strains. Buy My Weed Online. https://buymyweedonline.com/marijuana/6-uses-for-indica/ MADD. (n.d.). Cannabis and driving. https://madd.ca/pages/impaired-driving/overview/cannabis-and-driving/ Martin, T. L., Solbeck, P. A. M., Mayers, D. J., Langille, R. M., Buczek, Y., & Pelletier, M. R. (2013). A review of alcohol-impaired driving: The role of blood alcohol concentration and complexity of the driving task. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 58(5), 1238-1250. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12227 McPartland, J. M., & Small, E. (2020). A classification of endangered high-thc cannabis (cannabis sativa subsp. indica) domesticates and their wild relatives. Phytokeys, 144(2), 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.144.46700 Moore, T. R. (2002). A primer of drug action: A concise nontechnical guide to the actions, uses, and side effects of psychoactive drugs, ninth edition. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 59(11), 1130-1131. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/59.11.1130a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017 Jan 12. https://doi.org/10.17226/24625 Parnes, J. E., Bravo, A. J., Conner, B. T., & Pearson, M. R. (2018). A burning problem:Cannabis lessons learned from Colorado. Addiction Research & Theory, 26(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2017.1315410 Ramaekers, J. G., Robbe, H. W. J., & O'Hanlon, J. F. (2000). Marijuana, alcohol and actual driving performance. Human Psychopharmacology, 15(7), 551-558. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1077(200010)15:7<551::AID-HUP236>3.0.CO;2-P Rosado, J., (2019). Cannabis hybrids. Marijuana Doctors. https://www.marijuanadoctors.com/resources/cannabis-hybrids/ Rotermann, M. (2019). National cannabis survey 2nd quarter. Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/11-627-M2019057 Safe Cannabis Guide. (n.d.). Methods of cannabis consumption. https://www.safecannabisuse.com/dosing/ Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior. (2018, July 17). How cannabis affects appetite: brain changes. ScienceDaily. Retrieved June 27, 2021 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180717094747.htm Statistics Canada. (2019, October 30). National cannabis survey, third quarter 2019. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/191030/dq191030a-eng.htm The Cannabis Advisory. (n.d.). How soon after using cannabis can you drive? https://www.thecannabisadvisory.com/cannabis-news/after-using-cannabis-can-drive/ Tringale, R., & Jensen, C. (2011). Cannabis and insomnia. http://files7.webydo.com/92/9209805/UploadedFiles/5E9EC245-448E-17B2-C7CA-21C6BDC6852D.pdf Vincent, P. C., Collins, R. L., Liu, L., Yu, J., De Leo, J. A., & Earleywine, M. (2017). Theeffects of perceived quality on behavioral economic demand for marijuana: A web-based experiment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 170, 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.013 Volkow, N. (2015). The biology and potential therapeutic effects of cannabidiol. National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://archives.drugabuse.gov/testimonies/2015/biology-potential-therapeutic-effects-cannabidiol#:~:text=CBD%20has%20shown%20therapeutic%20efficacy,measures%20of%20stress%20and%20anxiety.&text=In%20addition%2C%20CBD%20has%20shown,human%20laboratory%20and%20clinical%20trials. White, J, (n.d.). Cannabis Sativa - What is Cannabis Sativa? A guide to sativa marijuana strains, their effects and medical uses, and how they work. CNBS. https://www.cnbs.org/cannabis-types/cannabis-sativa/

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 Anthony, J. C, & Helzer, J. E. (1991). Syndromes of drug abuse and dependence. In Robins, L. N, & Regier, D. A. (eds). Psychiatric disorders in america. (pp. 116-154). New York. Free Press. McMillan. Arendt, M., Rosenberg, R., Foldager, L., Perto, G., & Munk-Jørgensen, P. (2005). Cannabis-induced psychosis and subsequent schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: Follow-up study of 535 incident cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187(6), 510-515. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.6.510 Arkowitz, H., & Lilienfeld, S. (2021, March 1). Experts tell the truth about pot. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-truth-about-pot/ Barnwell, S. S., Earleywine, M., & Wilcox, R. (2006). Cannabis, motivation, and life satisfaction in an internet sample. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy, 1(1), 2-2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-1-2 Bloomfield, M. A. P., Morgan, C. J. A., Kapur, S., Curran, H. V., & Howes, O. D. (2014). The link between dopamine function and apathy in cannabis users: An [18f]-Dopa pet imaging study. Psychopharmacology, 231(11), 2251-2259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3523-4 Birchard, K. (2001). Cannabis weakens immune system, may cause mental illness: Cannabis today much more potent than in past. The Medical Post, 37(7), 59. https://www.proquest.com/trade-journals/cannabis-weakens-immune-system-may-cause-mental/docview/228747678/se-2?accountid=11530 Bryant, A. L., Schulenberg, J. E., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Johnston, L. D. (2003). How academic achievement, attitudes, and behaviors relate to the course of substance use during adolescence: A 6-year, multiwave national longitudinal study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13(3), 361-397. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.1303005 Bryant, A. L., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2002). Examining the effects of academic beliefs and behaviors on changes in substance use among urban adolescents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 621-637. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.94.3.621 Campolongo, P., Trezza, V., Cassano, T., Gaetani, S., Morgese, M. G., Ubaldi, M., Soverchia, L., Antonelli, T., Ferraro, L., Massi, M., Ciccocioppo, R., & Cuomo, V. (2007). Perinatal exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol causes enduring cognitive deficits associated with alteration of cortical gene expression and neurotransmission in rats. Addiction Biology, 12(3). 485-495. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00074.x Carney, R., Cotter, J., Firth, J., Bradshaw, T., & Yung, A. R. (2017). Cannabis use and symptom severity in individuals at ultra high risk for psychosis: A meta‐analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 136(1), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12699 Compton, D. R., Dewey, W. L., & Martin, B. R. (1990). Cannabis dependence and tolerance production. Advances in Alcohol & Substance Abuse, 9(1-2), 129-147. https://doi.org/10.1300/J251v09n01_08 Cox, R. G., Zhang, L., Johnson, W. D., & Bender, D. R. (2007). Academic performance and substance use: From a state survey of public high school students. Journal of School Health, 77(3), 109-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00179.x Degenhardt, L., Chiu, W. T., Sampson, N., Kessler, R. C., Anthony, J. C. (2007). Epidemiological patterns of extra-medical drug use in the united states: Evidence from the national comorbidity survey replication, 2001–2003. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 90(2), 210–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.03.007 Dreher, M. (2002). Crack heads and roots daughters: The therapeutic use of cannabis in jamaica. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 2(3-4), 121-133. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v02n03_08 Dryfoos, J. G. (1990). Adolescents at risk: Prevalence and prevention. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195072686.001.0001 Duncan, D. F. (1987). Lifetime prevalence of “amotivational syndrome” among users and nonusers of hashish. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 1(2), 114-119. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.1.2.114 Farris, M. S., Shakeel, M. K., & Addington, J. (2020). Cannabis use in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis: A comprehensive review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(5), 527-537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01810-x Fergusson, D. M., & Boden, J. M. (2008). Cannabis use and later life outcomes. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 103(6), 969-976. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02221.x Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Beautrais, A. L. (2003). Cannabis and educational achievement. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 98(12), 1681–1692. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00573.x Finn, K. V. (2012). Marijuana use at school and achievement-linked behaviors. The High School Journal, 95(3), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1353/hsj.2012.0005 Freeman, T. P., & Winstock, A. R. (2015). Examining the profile of high-potency cannabis and its association with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 45(15), 3181-3189. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001178 Gerard, A. (2014). Medical cannabis and the myth of amotivational syndrome. Substance Abuse Policy. https://substanceabusepolicy.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1747-597X-1-2 Grewal, J. K., & Loh, L. C. (2020). Health considerations of the legalization of cannabis edibles. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 192(1), E1-E2. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191217 Grewal, S., & George. T. (2017). Cannabis-induced psychosis: A review. Psychiatric Times, 34(7). https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/cannabis-induced-psychosis-review Guimarães, F. S., Chiaretti, T. M., Graeff, F. G., and Zuardi, A. W. (1990). Antianxiety effect of cannabidiol in the elevated plus-maze. Psychopharmacology, 100(4), 558–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244012 Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use? Addiction (Abingdon, Endlang), 110(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12703 Hartney, E. (2021). Recognize the symptoms of marijuana addiction. VeryWellMind. https://www.verywellmind.com/characteristics-of-marijuana-addiction-22298 Hasin, D. S., O'Brien, C. P., Auriacombe, M., Borges, G., Bucholz, K., Budney, A., Compton, W. M., Crowley, T., Ling, W., Petry, N. M., Schuckit, M., & Grant, B. F. (2013). Dsm-5 criteria for substance use disorders: Recommendations and rationale. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(8), 834-851. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12060782 Hasin, D. S., Saha, T. D., Kerridge, B. T., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Zhang, H., Jung, J., Pickering, R. P., Ruan, W. J., Smith, S. M., Huang, B., & Grant, B. F. (2015). Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the united states between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(12), 1235-1242. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858 Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 64-105. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.64 Henry, K. L. (2010). Academic achievement and adolescent drug use: An examination of reciprocal effects and correlated growth trajectories. Journal of School Health, 80, 38-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2009.00455.x Jafari, S., & Tang, T. (2016). Diagnosis and treatment of marijuana dependence. British Columbia Medical Journal, 58(6), 315-317. https://bcmj.org/articles/diagnosis-and-treatment-marijuana-dependence Joo, S. H., Durband, D. B., & Grable, J. (2008). The academic impact of financial stress on college students. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 10(3), 287-305. https://doi.org/10.2190/CS.10.3.c Kouri, E., Pope Jr, H. G., Yurgelun-Todd, D., & Gruber, S. (1995). Attributes of heavy vs. occasional marijuana smokers in a college population. Biological Psychiatry (1969), 38(7), 475-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)00325-W Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., Newton, F. B., Kim, E., & Wilcox, D. (2013). Psychosocial factors predicting first-year college student success. Journal of College Student Development, 54(3), 247-266. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2013.0034 Ksir, C., & Hart, C. L. (2016). Cannabis and psychosis: A critical overview of the relationship. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0657-y Lac, A., & Luk, J. W. (2018). Testing the amotivational syndrome: Marijuana use longitudinally predicts lower self-efficacy even after controlling for demographics, personality, and alcohol and cigarette use. Prevention Science, 19(2), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-017-0811-3 Lachenmeier, D. W., & Rehm, J. (2015). Comparative risk assessment of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other illicit drugs using the margin of exposure approach. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 8126. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08126 Linscott, R. J., & van Os, J. (2013). An updated and conservative systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults: On the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders. Psychological Medicine, 43(6), 1133-1149. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712001626 Lucas, P. (2012). Cannabis as an adjunct to or substitute for opiates in the treatment of chronic pain. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 44(2), 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2012.684624 Lucas, P., Reiman, A., Earleywine, M., McGowan, S. K., Oleson, M., Coward, M. P., & Thomas, B. (2013). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs: A dispensary-based survey of substitution effect in Canadian medical cannabis patients. Addiction Research & Theory, 21(5), 435-442. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2012.733465 Lynskey, M. T., & Hall, W. (2000). The effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational achievement: A review. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 95(11), 1621-1630. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.951116213.x Mattern, K. D., & Shaw, E. J. (2010). A look beyond cognitive predictors of academic success: Understanding the relationship between academic self-beliefs and outcomes. Journal of College Student Development, 51(6), 665-678. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2010.0017 Marconi, A., Di Forti, M., Lewis, C. M., Murray, R. M., & Vassos, E. (2016). Meta-analysis of the association between the level of cannabis use and risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(5), 1262-1269. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw003 Media Relations. (2017). Marijuana use tied to poorer school performance. University of Waterloo. https://uwaterloo.ca/news/news/marijuana-use-tied-poorer-school-performance Mikuriya, T. H. (2004). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol: A harm-reduction approach. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 4(1), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v04n01_04 Mikuriya, T., & Mandel, J. (2001). Cannabis substitution: Harm reduction treatment for alcoholism and drug dependence. https://www.mikuriya.com/cw_cansub.html Miller, B. (2021). Does cannabis cause psychosis? Psychiatric Times, 38(3). https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/cannabis-cause-psychosis Mundell, E., J. (2020). One joint may cause psychotic symptoms: Study. A Family Pharmacy Apple Valley. https://www.afamilypharmacy.com/patient-resources/article/755848/one-joint-may-cause-psychotic-symptoms-study Musty, R. E., & Kaback, L. (1995). Relationships between motivation and depression in chronic marijuana users. Life Sciences, 56(23-24), 2151-2158. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(95)00202-h Newcomb, M. D., Bentler, P. M. (1988). Impact of adolescent drug use and social support on problems of young adults: a longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1965), 97(1), 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.97.1.64 Patton G. C., Coffey C., Lynskey M. T., Reid S., Hemphill S., Carlin J. B., & Hall, W. (2007). Trajectories of adolescent alcohol and cannabis use into young adulthood. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 102(4), 607–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01728.x Petrucci, A. S., LaFrance, E. M., & Cuttler, C. (2020). A comprehensive examination of the links between cannabis use and motivation. Substance Use & Misuse, 55(7), 1155-1164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1729203 Pike, G. R., Kuh, G. D., & Massa-McKinley, R. C. (2008). First-year students' employment, engagement, and academic achievement: Untangling the relationship between work and grades. NASPA Journal, 45(4), 560-582. https://doi.org/10.2202/1949-6605.2011 Radhakrishnan, R., Wilkinson, S. T., D'Souza, D. C. (2014). Gone to pot—A review of the association between cannabis and psychosis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5, 54. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00054 Ramo, D. E., Delucchi, K. L., Hall, S. M., Liu, H., & Prochaska, J. J. (2013). Marijuana and tobacco co-use in young adults: Patterns and thoughts about use. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 74(2), 301-310. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2013.74.301 Register, C. A., Williams, D. R., & Grimes, P. W. (2001). Adolescent drug use and educational attainment. Education Economics, 9(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645290124529 Reilly, D., Didcott, P., Swift, W., & Hall, W. (1998). Long‐term cannabis use: Characteristics of users in an australian rural area. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 93(6), 837-846. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9368375.x Reiman, A. (2007). Medical cannabis patients: Patient profiles and health care utilization patterns. Complementary Health Practice Review, 12(1), 31-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533210107301834 Reiman, A. (2009). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs. Harm Reduction Journal, 6(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-6-35 Robb, C. A., Moody, B., & Abdel-Ghany, M. (2012). College student persistence to degree: The burden of debt. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 13(4), 431-456. https://doi.org/10.2190/CS.13.4.b Rubinstein, M. L., Rait, M. A., & Prochaska, J. J. (2014). Frequent marijuana use is associated with greater nicotine addiction in adolescent smokers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 141, 159-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.015 Schmidt, L., Weisner, C., & Wiley J. (1998). Substance abuse and the course of welfare dependency. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 88(11), 1616–22. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.88.11.1616 Semple, D. M., McIntosh, A. M., & Lawrie, S. M. (2005). Cannabis as a risk factor for psychosis: Systematic review. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881105049040 Smith, D. E. (1968). Acute and chronic toxicity of marijuana. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs, 2(1), 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1968.10524399 Studies from washington university yield new information about marijuana/cannabis (A large-scale genome-wide association study meta-analysis of cannabis use disorder). (2021). Psychology & Psychiatry Journal, 503. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A646718700/AONE?u=humber&sid=summon&xid=bc33d18f Subbaraman, M. S. (2014). Can cannabis be considered a substitute medication for alcohol? Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford), 49(3), 292-298. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agt182 Suresh, K. (2011). An overview of randomization techniques: An unbiased assessment of outcome in clinical research. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 4(1), 8-11. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.82352 Szoke, A., Galliot, A., Richard, J., Ferchiou, A., Baudin, G., Leboyer, M., & Schürhoff, F. (2014). Association between cannabis use and schizotypal dimensions –A meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Psychiatry Research, 219(1), 58-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.008 Timmins, B. (2017). Cannabis users are more successful and satisfied, finds new study. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/cannabis-users-success-satisfied-marijuana-weed-study-well-adjusted-rich-a7792991.html Voelkl, K. E., & Frone, M. R. (2000). Predictors of substance use at school among high school students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(3), 583-592. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.92.3.583 Watkins. M., (2020). Marijuana (Weed, cannabis) Overdose symptoms, signs & treatment. American Addictions Centers. https://drugabuse.com/drugs/marijuana/overdose/ Wiesbeck, G. A., Schuckit, M. A., Kalmijn, J. A., Tipp, J. E., Bucholz, K. K., & Smith, T. L. (1996). An evaluation of the history of a marijuana withdrawal syndrome in a large population. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 91(10), 1469-1478. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8917915/ World Health Organization. (2016). The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/251056 World Health Organization (WHO). (2016). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems - Tenth revision (ICD-10). https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/246208/9789241549165-V3-eng.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y

Abelman, D. D. (2017). Mitigating risks of students use of study drugs through understanding motivations for use & applying harm reduction theory: A literature review. Harm Reduction Journal, 14(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0194-6 Ali, S., Mouton, C. P., Jabeen, S., Ofoemezie, E. K., Bailey, R. K., Shahid, M., & Zeng, Q. (2011). Early detection of illicit drug use in teenagers. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 8(12), 24–28. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257983/ Arria, A. M., & DuPont, R. L. (2010). Nonmedical prescription stimulant use among college students: Why we need to do something and what we need to do. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 29(4), 417-426. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2010.509273 Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. (n.d.). Canadian centre on substance abuse. https://www.ccsa.ca/ Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. (2014). The canadian standards for youth substance abuse prevention: An overview. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-05/2014-CCSA-Canadian-Standards-Youth-Substance-Abuse-Prevention-Overview-en.pdf Department of Justice. (2018, September 26). National anti-drug strategy evaluation. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cp-pm/eval/rep-rap/12/nas-sna/p4.html Fischer, B. (2005). Substance abuse in canada: Current challenges and choices. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, 11–12. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-04/ccsa-004032-2005.pdf Gaetz, S. (2014). Harm reduction. Homeless Hub. https://www.homelesshub.ca/solutions/supports/harm-reduction Mitra, S., & Globerman, J. (2016). Engaging law enforcement in harm reduction programs for people who inject drugs. Ontario HIV Treatment Network. http://www.ohtn.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/rr109_law-enforcement-harm-reduction.pdf Public Health England. (2015). The international evidence on the prevention of drug and alcohol use. https://healtheducationresources.unesco.org/library/documents/international-evidence-prevention-drug-and-alcohol-use-summary-and-examples Shaw, A., Egan, J., & Gillespie, M. (2007). Drugs and poverty: A literature review. Scottish Drugs Forum. http://www.dldocs.stir.ac.uk/documents/drugpovertylitrev.pdf Spooner, C., & Hetherington, K. (2004). Social Determinants of Drug Use. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre. https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/ndarc/resources/TR.228.pdf United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP). (1995). The social impact of drug abuse. https://www.unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1995-03-01_1.pdf Vancouver Police Department. (2006). Vancouver police department drug policy. https://vancouver.ca/police/assets/pdf/reports-policies/vpd-policy-drug.pdf Warren, F. (2016, December). 'What works' in drug education and prevention? Scottish Government. http://www.edex.es/wp-content/uploads/What-works-in-prevention.pdf

Like all drugs, the experience you have with cannabis is determined by a number of factors, including the drug's pharmacological makeup, where you're consuming, and the mindset you're in when consuming. Picking a specific product type (e.g. edible vs smoked), the right strain, and knowing how to use the bong, pipe, vape, or other device is important. At times you may prefer strains that are more psychologically stimulating and uplifting, and sometimes you may prefer strains that produce more relaxing effects (a better choice for more low-key activities). Different strains produce different effects, so it’s important to know how the intent of your consumption ties to the products you are purchasing. Speak to a budtender at a local dispensary, and they will help you find a strain that works for you and your desired outcome. But you should also consider where you are and with whom you're consuming. Using good quality cannabis in a low quality situation is going to impact how much you enjoy the experience.

Before consuming any drugs, it is important to consider your ‘set and setting’. Set refers to your internal environment, including your mindset, expectations, intention, mood, and fears. Setting refers to your external environment, which is the physical, cultural, and social environment where consumption is taking place. Finding the right set and setting for you will ensure you achieve your desired experience.

It is recommend that young consumers minimize consumption during adolescence or delay use altogether until their early 20s. Research suggests that frequent use in adolescence is associated with some potential mental health issues and cognitive impacts, though it appears that much of the potential cognitive impacts can go away if cannabis use is reduced or ceases. If you're going to consume cannabis as a teenager it is best to consume infrequently and to stay away from products that have very high levels of THC.

Cannabis is not harmless, but it is relatively low risk. Understanding how to use cannabis safely, and what mental health risks might be present for you can help ensure a safe and enjoyable experience with cannabis.

Some like to consume in a social setting at parties, while others prefer consuming at home where they’re more comfortable. Considering your setting is important when planning your desired experience when consuming cannabis because it can have an effect on your comfort level.

When consuming cannabis, it is important to consider how your mindset and the location of your consumption can affect your experience. Start with consuming around people you know and trust, like a close friend, and consuming in a comfortable, safe location. You should also make sure you are prepared for your consumption and are in a good mindset. Lastly, ensure you understand what to expect, and plan transportation for your ride home.

Consumers should determine where and why they prefer to consume, as this is different for everyone. Some people feel comfortable consuming socially at parties, while others are more comfortable at home with a smaller group of close friends. This is important to consider because set and setting consist of the behaviours, moods, and relationships among those present during consumption.

There are many reasons someone chooses to consume cannabis. Some consume socially to make activities more enjoyable, and others consume to improve their health (such as relieving chronic pain or digestive problems). All reasons are valid, but it’s important the decision comes from you as your intent greatly impacts your experience.

74% of cannabis consumption is in the form of dried bud. It can be purchased legally from local dispensaries across Canada in various strains and potencies. Dried cannabis is mainly consumed via smoking methods such as bongs, joints, and pipes, or more minimally harmful methods such as vaporizers. Smoking cannabis presents few respiratory risks for infrequent consumers, but if you are consuming smoked products frequently you may want to consider alternative methods. A dry-herb vaporizer will still allow you to consume flower, have quick onset, and enjoy the taste of good cannabis, but ensures there are fewer combusted materials entering the lungs.

Cannabis is not a harmless drug, but it is relatively harmless. The overwhelming majority of people that consume cannabis do so without problems to their mental or physical health, but some people do experience issues, and these issues are more likely to appear in very frequent consumers. This doesn't mean that all, or even most, frequent consumers will experience any sort of problem, but we need to acknowledge there are some risks and take steps to mitigate those risks.

Start low, go slow. This means start with a low dose, and don't take too much at once. Edibles take a while to kick in, but inhaled cannabis takes effect rather quickly. In either case you want to give yourself sufficient time to know how high you are before deciding whether to have more. Being high feels quite nice if you're are the level of being high that you intended, but can be uncomfortable if you miss the mark. Start low, go slow.

When talking about problematic drug use we tend to talk about dependency, not addiction, and we can't base dependency simply on how much cannabis someone consumes. Dependency is assessed by things like whether a person continues to use cannabis despite it causing them physical or psychological problems, whether they have problems at work or school due to their cannabis consumption, and several other factors. But frequency of use alone is not a good marker for whether someone has a cannabis use disorder of some kind.

No. There are no credible reports of cannabis being laced with other drugs by dealers trying to get people high, and even if there was accidental contamination the burning of cannabis would most likely make the Fentanyl useless. The repeated use of this myth is an attempt to stigmatize people who use drugs and relies on classic fear-based approaches to drugs issues.

No. You can have a very unpleasant experience if you overconsume cannabis, but you can't die from overconsumption.

While cannabis may not have the same effect on driving performance as alcohol or even severe sleep deprivation, driving while high is less safe than driving sober, particularly for people who are less frequent cannabis consumers. It's a myth that people drive better when they're high, but recent research suggests most cannabis consumers don't ever get behind the wheel when high, or even in a car with someone driving who is high.

No. About 9% of people who consume cannabis will experience some sort of dependency or misuse issue with cannabis, but that does not happen the first or even second time you try it. Dependency on cannabis, like any other drug, is a process that evolves and is shaped by a number of factors in a person's life.

No. While you're high you may not have good memory recall, but those effects are temporary. Research into the harms of cannabis was widely promoted during the century of prohibition, often ignoring potential benefits to cannabis consumption.

Many assume they will not feel the effects of cannabis when consuming it for the first time. This is not necessarily true as everyone’s experience is different. It is important to be mindful of factors that can impact your first-time experience, including the possibility that the cannabis was not consumed properly, that the dosage was too low, or the unfamiliarity of what being ‘high’ feels like.

Those who prefer smoking cannabis should avoid holding the smoke in their lungs for extended periods of time because doing so will increase the inhalation of tar and other toxic substances into the lungs. A simple inhale and exhale is all you need, as studies have found that the duration of inhalation has minimal impact on the amount of THC absorbed and resulting effects.

This is a commonly believed myth, however, there is no solid evidence supporting the idea that cannabis kills brain cells. In fact, research suggests that cannabinoids can, in some instances, protect brain cells, promote the generation of cells, and prevent brain damage. It is still important to be aware of the minimal risks associated with regular heavy cannabis use and brain function in relation to attention, memory, and cognitive/motor functioning. Limited term impacts on brain function have been observed, but these are often related to the period while someone is actively high, and are not a sign of brain cells dying.

The idea that cannabis causes people to use other drugs has not been supported by any scientific examination. Many people first consume cannabis as it is relatively easy to obtain and easy to learn to use. Additionally, the idea that drugs other than cannabis are somehow 'harder' or worse, is less about science and more about creating stigma and fear about people who use drugs.

There is a common assumption that frequent cannabis consumption can decrease your motivation. Studies that report decreased motivation or activity tend to miss other factors that can affect an individual’s level of motivation, such as their predisposition to anxiety and depression, or the use of other substances such as alcohol. These are crucial factors to consider when analyzing your cannabis consumption.

Some individuals who struggle with depression and have low levels of serotonin use cannabis to treat their symptoms. Research has shown that high doses of THC may increase depressive symptoms, whereas low doses of THC may increase serotonin levels and act as an antidepressant. Cannabis use in general has been associated with more depressive symptoms, but that does not mean cannabis causes depression. If you're feeling depressed, cannabis may or may not help you, and you should discuss your symptoms and potential treatment plans with a doctor or therapist.

There's no conclusive evidence that cannabis causes psychosis. There is some evidence that there's a correlation between heavy cannabis use and psychosis, but this does not mean cannabis causes psychosis. The relationship between the two things is incredibly complicated.

Some people use cannabis to help relieve symptoms of mental health conditions, whereas for others it has the opposite effect. It is important to learn how your body reacts to specific products, strains, and consumption methods. Some people can consume cannabis every day and have no problems whatsoever, but others may experience a range of potential mental and physical health issues. That's why it is important to regularly check in with yourself about your cannabis use and identify if and how it is working for your intended purposes.

Many individuals use cannabis as a substitution for other drugs and alcohol. Studies indicate that cannabis has potential harm reduction benefits and may serve as an effective method of reducing harms associated with alcohol, drugs, and prescription medication. Individuals who used cannabis as a substitute for these substances reported better symptom management, fewer adverse side effects, and less withdrawal potential.

It has been said that cannabis only has negative effects on a person’s mental health, however, it is important to be aware of the role that genetic predisposition, frequency of consumption, and the method of consumption plays in impacting mental health conditions. Most individuals who use cannabis will never develop mental health conditions as there is no evidence of a direct correlation. Many people report that cannabis has positive impacts on their mental health, but this is too often ignored when discussing cannabis.

Vaping cannabis reduces the number of combusted materials inhaled, making it a better option to minimize the risk of potential respiratory health issues, particularly for frequent cannabis consumers.

Vaping cannabis produces minimal odor in comparison to smoking cannabis, and there are several therapeutic benefits - including easier facilitation of correct dosage, and faster/longer-lasting effects.

Frequent consumption of cannabis can come with some risks, including issues of dependency. How you're engaging with cannabis matters.

There are 2 amounts listed for THC and CBD content on labels – the first indicates the potency level in the cannabis when purchased, and the second, listed as ‘total THC’ or ‘total CBD’, indicate the potency levels when consumed. It's important to remember that higher THC content indicates a stronger cannabis product, resulting in more intensive psychoactive effects. Higher THC content may be good because it will reduce the amount of cannabis you need to consume, but CBD and other cannabinoids are important parts of cannabis that round out the experience. Too much THC can be uncomfortable for some people. The Ontario Cannabis Store has a great page on how to read a cannabis label

Legal cannabis products can be purchased from authorized retailers with the help of budtenders. Legal cannabis products are required to come in child-proof packaging. Unlike illegal products, legal cannabis producers are required to have a clear description of its contents on the label. These producers are strictly monitored, and their products undergo strict testing for toxic and harmful substances in licensed laboratories to ensure your safety.

Cannabis is an incredibly complex drug, especially compared to alcohol. No matter what kind of alcohol you consume, whether beer, or wine, or whiskey, you're consuming the same drug; ethyl-alcohol. But with cannabis you're dealing with many different cannabinoids, including the two most well researched, THC and CBD. The type of cannabis (e.g. Sativa vs Indica) doesn't actually tell you all that much about the product or the experience you'll have. The old saying of Indica putting you in-da-couch simply doesn't hold up under scientific examination. More important are the cannabinoids and terpenes present in the specific product you consume.

Frequent consumption of cannabis can lead to an increased tolerance; that is to say that you'll need more to achieve the same level of intoxication. A simple way to deal with this is to not consume cannabis for a few weeks.

Consuming cannabis regularly is not, by itself, a problem. If you're consuming frequently you should be mindful that smoked products pose the highest risk for respiratory issues, and high THC products pose the highest risk for negative mental health issues. But these risks can be reduced by simple actions like using a dry-herb vape instead of a joint, or using cannabis with a more balanced profile of THC to CBD. Additionally you can consider taking breaks from cannabis for short periods. This will help reduce tolerance levels and means you have to consume less to achieve the same high.

The ‘start low and go slow’ harm reduction method. Begin with edibles with a low THC content and wait 30-90 minutes prior to observing the effects and deciding whether to consume more. This helps you learn how your body reacts to the edible and prevents overconsumption.

Edibles take longer to take effect than inhaled cannabis, and you should expect to have to wait at least 45 minutes to feel any effect, and potentially up to two hours. Things like the dose, how much you've eaten, and other factors all impact the timing, so don't assume it'll always be the same amount of time before you feel anything. Start low, go slow.

Edibles have a delayed onset time, ranging from 30-90 minutes, with maximum effects taking place around 2-6 hours and lasting for approximately 4-12 hours. Smoking cannabis causes psychotropic effects that last for only 2-3 hours.

Cannabis concentrates, such as oil and shatter, contain a much higher THC potency than dried flower. They are not recommended for new consumers as they produce a more intense high and carry a greater risk of overconsumption. Some long-time cannabis consumers prefer concentrates to dried flower because they can achieve a similar high with fewer inhales.

'Greening out’ is a phrase for cannabis overconsumption which can cause you to feel unpleasant, but is not fatal. Side effects include nausea/vomiting, fast pulse, dizziness, and more. These symptoms are temporary and only last for a few hours depending on many factors, such as dose. Use the ‘start low, go slow’ method to avoid having an unpleasant experience.

No. THC is not in the proper form for your body to actually make use of it get high. In most cases you need to heat the THC to have it undergo decarboxylation (decarbing) so that you'll actually get high off the THC. You can eat some dried cannabis if you want, but you're just wasting good cannabis at that point.