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References

We’ve compiled all the resources we examined in preparing the information on this website, and want you to have access too. Unfortunately some of these resources are behind a pay-wall, but we’ve linked to open source options whenever possible.

  • Perception of health and well-being
    Becvar, D. S. (2007). Families that flourish: Facilitating resilience in clinical practice. WW Norton & Company. Birtchnell, J. (1975). Psychiatric breakdown following recent parent death. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 48(4), 379–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1975.tb02346.x Bonanno, G. A., Wortman, C. B., Lehman, D. R., Tweed, R. G., Haring, M., Sonnega, J., Carr, D., & Nesse, R. M. (2002). Resilience to loss and chronic grief: A prospective study from preloss to 18-months postloss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1150-1164. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.83.5.1150 Brent, D. A., Perper, J. A., Moritz, G., Liotus, L., Schweers, J., & Canobbio, R. (1994). Major depression or uncomplicated bereavement? A follow-up of youth exposed to suicide. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(2), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199402000-00012 Brewer, N. T., Weinstein, N. D., Cuite, C. L., & Herrington, J. E. (2004). Risk perceptions and their relation to risk behavior. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 27(2), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm2702_7 Burton, A. M., Haley, W. E., & Small, B. J. (2006). Bereavement after caregiving or unexpected death: Effects on elderly spouses. Aging and Mental Health, 10(3), 319–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860500410045 Bush, J., Phillimore, P., Pless-Mulloli, T., & Thompson, C. (2005). Carcass disposal and siting controversy: Risk, dialogue and confrontation in the 2001 foot-and-mouth outbreak. Local Environment, 10(6), 649–664. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830500321907 Carey, M. P., Braaten, L. S., Jaworski, B. C., Durant, L. E., & Forsyth, A. D. (1999). Hiv and aids relative to other health, social, and relationship concerns among low-income urban women: A brief report. Journal of Women’s Health and Gender-Based Medicine, 8(5), 657–661. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.1.1999.8.657 Carr, D. (2004). Gender, preloss marital dependence, and older adults’ adjustment to widowhood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(1), 220–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00016.x Conner, M., & Norman, P. (2005). Predicting health behaviour. UK: McGraw-Hill Education. De Cock, K. M., Jaffe, H. W., & Curran, J. W. (2011). Reflections on 30 years of aids. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17(6), 1044-1048. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid/1706.100184 Drew, S. (2007). Having cancer changed my life, and changed my life forever’: Survival, illness legacy and service provision following cancer in childhood. Chronic Illness, 3(4), 278–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742395307085236 Egnew, T. R. (2005). The meaning of healing: Transcending suffering. The Annals of Family Medicine, 3(3), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.313 Elwert, F., & Christakis, N. A. (2008). The effect of widowhood on mortality by the causes of death of both spouses. American Journal of Public Health, 98(11), 2092–2098. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114348 Fauci, A. S., & Morens, D. M. (2012). The perpetual challenge of infectious diseases. New England Journal of Medicine, 366(5), 454–461. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1108296 Folkman, S., & Greer, S. (2000). Promoting psychological well-being in the face of serious illness: When theory, research and practice inform each other. Psycho-Oncology: Journal of the Psychological, Social and Behavioural Dimensions of Cancer, 9(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1611(200001/02)9:1<11::aid-pon424>3.0.co;2-z Gallacher, J., Bronstering, K., Palmer, S., Fone, D., & Lyons, R. (2007). Symptomatology attributable to psychological exposure to a chemical incident: A natural experiment. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 61(6), 506–512. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2006.046987 Greene, G., Turley, R., Mann, M., Amlôt, R., Page, L., & Palmer, S. (2014). Differing community responses to similar public health threats: A cross-disciplinary systematic literature review. Science of the Total Environment, 470, 759–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.031 Greyson, B., & Khanna, S. (2014). Spiritual transformation after near-death experiences. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 1(1), 43-45. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000010 Guidotti, T. L., & Jacobs, P. (1993). The implications of an epidemiological mistake: A community’s response to a perceived excess cancer risk. American Journal of Public Health, 83(2), 233–239. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.83.2.233 Horowitz, M. J., Krupnick, J., Kaltreider, N., Wilner, N., Leong, A., & Marmar, C. (1981). Initial psychological response to parental death. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38(3), 316–323. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780280084010 Hughes, M. E., & Waite, L. J. (2009). Marital biography and health at mid-life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50(3), 344–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650905000307 Kilpatrick, A. M., & Randolph, S. E. (2012). Drivers, dynamics, and control of emerging vector-borne zoonotic diseases. The Lancet, 380(9857), 1946–1955. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61151-9 Lau, J. T., Yang, X., Pang, E., Tsui, H. Y., Wong, E., & Wing, Y. K. (2005). Sars-related perceptions in hong kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(3), 417-424. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15757557/ Lee, G. R., & DeMaris, A. (2007). Widowhood, gender, and depression: A longitudinal analysis. Research on Aging, 29(1), 56–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027506294098 Leung, G. M., Quah, S., Ho, L. M., Ho, S. Y., Hedley, A. J., Lee, H. P., & Lam, T. H. (2004). A tale of two cities: Community psychobehavioral surveillance and related impact on outbreak control in hong kong and singapore during the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 25(12), 1033–1041. https://doi.org/10.1086/502340 Liu, W.-M., Forbat, L., & Anderson, K. (2019). Correction: Death of a close friend: Short and long-term impacts on physical, psychological and social well-being. PloS One, 14(5), e0218026. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218026 Lucas, R. E., Clark, A. E., Georgellis, Y., & Diener, E. (2003). Reexamining adaptation and the set point model of happiness: reactions to changes in marital status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 527-539. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.3.527 Melhem, N. M., Porta, G., Shamseddeen, W., Payne, M. W., & Brent, D. A. (2011). Grief in children and adolescents bereaved by sudden parental death. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(9), 911–919. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.101 Morens, D. M., & Fauci, A. S. (2013). Emerging infectious diseases: threats to human health and global stability. PLoS Pathogens, 9(7), e1003467. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003467 Moskowitz, J. T., Hult, J. R., Bussolari, C., & Acree, M. (2009). What works in coping with hiv? A meta-analysis with implications for coping with serious illness. Psychological Bulletin, 135(1), 121-141. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014210 Ong, A. D., Fuller-Rowell, T. E., & Bonanno, G. A. (2010). Prospective predictors of positive emotions following spousal loss. Psychology and Aging, 25(3), 653-660. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018870 Perrins, J., King, N., & Collings, J. (1998). Assessment of long-term psychological well-being following intensive care. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 14(3), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0964-3397(98)80351-0 Rowan, K. M. (1992). Outcome comparisons of intensive care units in Great Britain and Ireland using the APACHE II method. Oxford: University of Oxford. Rubin, G. J., Amlôt, R., Page, L., & Wessely, S. (2009). Public perceptions, anxiety, and behaviour change in relation to the swine flu outbreak: Cross sectional telephone survey. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 339(7713), 156. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2651 Rubin, G. J., Finn, Y., Potts, H. W. W., & Michie, S. (2015). Who is sceptical about emerging public health threats? Results from 39 national surveys in the united kingdom. Public Health, 129(12), 1553–1562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2015.09.004 Rubin, G. J., Potts, H. W. W., & Michie, S. (2010). The impact of communications about swine flu (influenza a h1n1v) on public responses to the outbreak: Results from 36 national telephone surveys in the uk. Health Technology Assessment, 14(34), 183–266. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta14340-03 Schulz, R., & Beach, S. R. (1999). Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: The caregiver health effects study. JAMA, 282(23), 2215–2219. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.23.2215 Setbon, M., & Raude, J. (2009). Population response to the risk of vector-borne diseases: Lessons learned from socio-behavioural research during large-scale outbreaks. Emerging Health Threats Journal, 2, e6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22460287/ Smith, R. D. (2006). Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks: Lessons from sars on the role of risk perception, communication and management. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 63(12), 3113–3123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.004 Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Stroebe, W. (2007). Health outcomes of bereavement. The Lancet (British Edition), 370(9603), 1960–1973. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61816-9 Stroebe, W., & Stroebe, M. S. (1987). Bereavement and health: The psychological and physical consequences of partner loss. Cambridge University Press. Sutton, S. (1987). Social-psychological approaches to understanding addictive behaviours: Attitude-behaviour and decision-making models. British Journal of Addiction, 82(4), 355–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01492.x Taylor, S. (2020). Transformation through loss and grief: A study of personal transformation following bereavement. The Humanistic Psychologist, 49(3), 381-399. https://doi.org/10.1037/hum0000172 Tedlie Moskowitz, J., & Wrubel, J. (2005). Coping with hiv as a chronic illness: A longitudinal analysis of illness appraisals. Psychology & Health, 20(4), 509–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440412331337075 Tyson, J. (2013). Turning a tragedy into a tribute: A literature review of creating meaning after loss of a loved one. Illness, Crisis & Loss, 21(4), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.2190/IL.21.4.e Umberson, D., & Chen, M. D. (1994). Effects of a parent’s death on adult children: Relationship salience and reaction to loss. American Sociological Review, 59(1), 152–168. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096138 Umberson, D., Wortman, C. B., & Kessler, R. C. (1992). Widowhood and depression:Explaining long-term gender differences in vulnerability. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33(1), 10–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136854 van Eys, J. (1988). Is all well with the young man, Absalom. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. Weinstein, N. D. (1993). Testing four competing theories of health-protective behavior. Health Psychology, 12(4), 324-333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.12.4.324 Williams, K. (2003). Has the future of marriage arrived? A contemporary examination of gender, marriage, and psychological well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior,44(4), 470-487. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519794 Wurm, S., Tomasik, M. J., & Tesch-Römer, C. (2008). Serious health events and their impact on changes in subjective health and life satisfaction: The role of age and a positive view on ageing. European Journal of Ageing, 5(2), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-008-0077-5 Zisook, S., Chentsova-Dutton, Y., & Shuchter, S. R. (1998). Ptsd following bereavement. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 10(4), 157–163. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022342028750
  • First Time checklist
    Anthony J. C., Warner L. A., Kessler R. C. (1994). Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants: Basic findings from the national comorbidity survey. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2(3), 244–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/1064-1297.2.3.244 Arendt, M., Rosenberg, R., Foldager, L., Perto, G., & Munk-Jørgensen, P. (2005). Cannabis-induced psychosis and subsequent schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: Follow-up study of 535 incident cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187(6), 510-515. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.6.510 Arkowitz, H., & Lilienfeld, S. (2021, March 1). Experts tell the truth about pot. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-truth-about-pot/ Bab, I., Zimmer, A., & Melamed, E. (2009). Cannabinoids and the skeleton: From marijuana to reversal of bone loss. Annals of Medicine (Helsinki), 41(8), 560-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890903121025 Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. (2019). 7 things about edible cannabis. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-06/CCSA-7-Things-About-Edible-Cannabis-2019-en.pdf Corey-Bloom, J., Wolfson, T., Gamst, A., Jin, S., Marcotte, T. D., Bentley, H., & Gouaux, B. (2012). Smoked cannabis for spasticity in multiple sclerosis: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 184(10), 1143-1150. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.110837 Crane, M. (2021). Dangers of marijuana: Long-term effects of pot on the brain and body. American Addiction Centers. https://americanaddictioncenters.org/marijuana-rehab/long-term-effects Freeman, T. P., & Winstock, A. R. (2015). Examining the profile of high-potency cannabis and its association with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 45(15), 3181-3189. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001178 Government of Canada. (2019). Cannabis: Lower your risks. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/lower-your-risks.html Government of Canada. (2020). Canadian cannabis survey 2020: Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a4 Greco, R., Gasperi, V., Maccarrone, M., & Tassorelli, C. (2010). The endocannabinoid system and migraine. Experimental Neurology, 224(1), 85-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.03.029 Green, B., Kavanagh, D., & Young, R. (2003). Being stoned: A review of self-reported cannabis effects. Drug and Alcohol Review, 22(4), 453-460. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230310001613976 Grewal, J. K., & Loh, L. C. (2020). Health considerations of the legalization of cannabis edibles. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 192(1), E1-E2. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191217 Grewal. S., & George. T. (2017). Cannabis-induced psychosis: A review. Psychiatric Times, 34(7). https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/cannabis-induced-psychosis-review Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use? Addiction (Abingdon, Endlang), 110(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12703 Hamilton, H. A., Brands, B., Ialomiteanu, A. R., & Mann, R. E. (2017). Therapeutic use of cannabis: Prevalence and characteristics among adults in ontario, canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 108(3), e282-e287. https://doi.org/10.17269/CJPH.108.6130 Hasin, D. S., Saha, T. D., Kerridge, B. T., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Zhang, H., Jung, J., Pickering, R. P., Ruan, W. J., Smith, S. M., Huang, B., & Grant, B. F. (2015). Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the united states between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(12), 1235-1242. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858 Holt. J. (2021, January 18). The pros and cons of using marijuana recreationally. Grow Diaries. https://growdiaries.com/journal/the-pros-and-cons-of-using-cannabis-recreationally Jones, K. A., Blagrove, M., & Parrott, A. C. (2009). Cannabis and ecstasy/mdma: Empirical measures of creativity in recreational users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 41(4), 323-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2009.10399769 Joy, J. E., Watson, S. J., Benson, J. A., NetLibrary, I., Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Division of Neuroscience and Behavioral Health, & Institute of Medicine. (1999;2000;2005;). In Janet E. Joy, John A. Benson J. and Stanley J. Watson J.(Eds.), Marijuana and medicine: Assessing the science base. National Academy Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/6376 Kouri, E., Pope, H. G., Yurgelun-Todd, D., & Gruber, S. (1995). Attributes of heavy vs. occasional marijuana smokers in a college population. Biological Psychiatry (1969), 38(7), 475-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)00325-W Ksir, C., & Hart, C. L. (2016). Cannabis and psychosis: A critical overview of the relationship. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0657-y Lachenmeier, D. W., & Rehm, J. (2015). Comparative risk assessment of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other illicit drugs using the margin of exposure approach. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 8126. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08126 Liu, Q., Wu, Z., Liu, Y., Chen, L., Zhao, H., Guo, H., Zhu, K., Wang, W., Chen, S., Zhou, N.,Li, Y., & Shi, B. (2020). Cannabinoid receptor 2 activation decreases severity of cyclophosphamide‐ induced cystitis via regulating autophagy. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 39(1), 158-169. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.24205 Long and short-term effects of cannabis. (2018, June 21). Portage. https://portage.ca/en/blog/long-and-short-term-effects-of-cannabis/ MacCallum, C.A., & Russo, E. B. (2018). Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004 Mundell, E., J. (2020, March 18). One joint may cause psychotic symptoms: Study. A Family Pharmacy Apple Valley. https://www.afamilypharmacy.com/patient-resources/article/755848/one-joint-may-cause-psychotic-symptoms-study National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017 Jan 12.  https://doi.org/10.17226/24625 Peki, W. (2021). 61 potential benefits of marijuana and its cannabinoids that are backed by scientific research. Herbonaut. https://www.herbonaut.com/benefits-of-marijuana/ Ramo, D. E., Delucchi, K. L., Hall, S. M., Liu, H., & Prochaska, J. J. (2013). Marijuana and tobacco co-use in young adults: Patterns and thoughts about use. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 74(2), 301-310. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2013.74.301 Ramos Barreda, A., De Leon, K., & Urmas, S. (2018). A simple guide to pot, thc and how much is too much. LA Times. https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-me-weed-101-thc-calculator/ Reiman, A. (2009). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs. Harm Reduction Journal, 6(1), 35-35. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-6-35 Rosenberg, E. C., Tsien, R. W., Whalley, B. J., & Devinsky, O. (2015). Cannabinoids and epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics, 12(4), 747-768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0375-5 Rubinstein, M. L., Rait, M. A., & Prochaska, J. J. (2014). Frequent marijuana use is associated with greater nicotine addiction in adolescent smokers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 141, 159-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.015 Szaflarski, Jerzy P., MD, PhD, & Devinsky, O. (2017). Cannabinoids and epilepsy —introduction. Epilepsy & Behavior, 70(Pt B), 277-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.01.015 Wall, J., Davis, S., & Ridgway, S. (2001). Cannabis: Its therapeutic use. Nursing Standard, 16(10), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns2001.11.16.10.39.c3123 Ware, M. A., Wang, T., Shapiro, S., Robinson, A., Ducruet,T., Huynh, T., Gamsa, A., Bennett, G. J., & Collet, J. (2010). Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: A randomized controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 182(14), E694-E701. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091414 Watkins. M., (2020, August 17). Marijuana (weed, cannabis) overdose symptoms, signs & treatment. American Addictions Centers. https://drugabuse.com/drugs/marijuana/overdose/ Webb, C. W., & Webb, S. M. (2014). Therapeutic benefits of cannabis: A patient survey.Hawai'i Journal of Medicine & Public Health, 73(4), 109-111. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24765558/ Weckowicz, T. E. (1975). Effect of marijuana on divergent and convergent production cognitive tests. Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1965), 84(4), 386-398. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.84.4.386 World Health Organization. (2016). The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/251056
  • Effects of cannabis use on lung function
    Abdallah, S. J., Smith, B. M., Ware, M. A., Moore, M., Li, P. Z., Bourbeau, J., & Jensen, D. (2018). Effect of vaporized cannabis on exertional breathlessness and exercise endurance in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 15(10), 1146-1158. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201803-198OC Aldington, S., Williams, M., Nowitz, M., Weatherall, M., Pritchard, A., McNaughton, A., Robinson, G., & Beasley, R. (2007). Effects of cannabis on pulmonary structure,function and symptoms. Thorax, 62(12), 1058-1063. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2006.077081 Baczynsky, W. O., & Zimmerman, A. M. (1983a). Effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and cannabidiol on the immune system in mice. I. In vivo investigation of the primary and secondary immune response. Pharmacology, 26(1), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1159/000137763 Baczynsky, W. O., & Zimmerman, A. M. (1983b). Effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and cannabidiol on the immune system in mice: II. In vitro investigation using cultured mouse splenocytes. Pharmacology, 26(1), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1159/000137764 BC Lung Foundation. (2019). Cannabis and Lung Health. https://bclung.ca/how-we-can-help/cannabis-and-lung-health Biles, M. (2019). Cannabis & the immune system: A complex balancing act. Project CBD. https://www.projectcbd.org/science/cannabis-and-immune-system CDC. (2018). Marijuana and public health: Immune function. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/marijuana/nas/immune-function.html Coggans, N., Dalgarno, P., Johnson, L., & Shewan, D. (2020). Long-term heavy cannabis use: Implications for health education. Drugs: Education Prevention and Policy, 11(4), 299-313. https://doi.org/10.108009687630410001687860 Croxford, J. L., & Yamamura, T. (2005). Cannabinoids and the immune system: potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases? Journal of Neuroimmunology, 166(1-2), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.04.023 Dax, E.M., Pilotte, N.S., Adler, W.H., Nagel, J.E., & Lange, W. R. (1989). The effects of 9-ene-tetrahydrocannabinol on hormone release and immune function. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, 34(1-6), 263-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(89)90090-3 Earleywine, M., & Barnwell, S. S. (2007). Decreased respiratory symptoms in cannabis users who vaporize. Harm Reduction Journal, 4(11). https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-4-11 Gates, P., Jaffe, A., & Copeland, J. (2014). Cannabis smoking and respiratory health: Consideration of the literature. Respirology, 19(5), 655-662. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12298 Hancox, R. J., Poulton, R., Ely, M., Welch, D., Taylor, D. R., McLachlan, C. R., Greene, J. M., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Sears, M. R. (2010). Effects of cannabis on lung function: A population-based cohort study. The European Respiratory Journal, 35(1), 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00065009 He, T., Oks, M., Esposito, M., Steinberg, H., & Makaryus, M. (2017). “Tree-in-bloom”: Severe acute lung injury induced by vaping cannabis oil. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201612-974LE Hui-ChihWu, J. (2014). Evidence brief: Communicable disease impacts of sharing electronic-cigarettes with drip tips. Public Health Ontario. https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/eb-ecig-communicable-driptip.pdf?la=en Joshi, M., Joshi, A., & Bartter, T. (2014). Marijuana and lung diseases. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 20(2), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000026 Keen, L., 2nd, Abbate, A., Blanden, G., Priddie, C., Moeller, F. G., & Rathore, M. (2017). Confirmed marijuana use and lymphocyte count in black people living with hiv. 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J. (2011). Effects of smoking cannabis on lung function. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 5(4), 537-547. https://doi.org/10.1586/ers.11.40 Marcellin, F., Lions, C., Rosenthal, E., Roux, P., Sogni, P., Wittkop, L., Protopopescu, C., Spire, B., Salmon-Ceron, D., Dabis, F., Carrieri, M. P., & HEPAVIH ANRS CO13 StudyGroup (2017). No significant effect of cannabis use on the count and percentage of circulating cd4 t-cells in hiv-hcv co-infected patients (anrs co13-hepavih french cohort). Drug and Alcohol Review, 36(2), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12398 Martin, R., Safaee, S. D., Somsamouth, K., Mounivong, B., Sinclair, R., Bansal, S., & Singh,P. N. (2013). Mixed methods pilot study of sharing behaviors among waterpipe smokers of rural lao pdr: Implications for infectious disease transmission. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(6), 2120-2132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10062120 McInnis, O. A., & Plecas, D. (2016). Clearing the smoke on cannabis: Respiratory effects of cannabis smoking: An update. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-04/CCSA-Cannabis-Use-Respiratory-Effects-Report-2016-en.pdf Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research. (2018).What effects does smoking cannabis have on the respiratory system? McMaster University MDCMCR. https://cannabisresearch.mcmaster.ca/news/2018/04/27/cannabis-smoking-and-effects-on-the-respiratory-system Molina, P. E., Amedee, A. M., LeCaptaine, N. J., Zabaleta, J., Mohan, M., Winsauer, J., Vande Stouwe, C., McGoey, R. R., Auten, M. W., LaMotte, L., Chandra, L. C., & Birke, L. L. (2014). Modulation of gut-specific mechanisms by chronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration in male rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus: A systems biology analysis. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 30(6), 567-578. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2013.0182 Molina, P. E., Winsauer, P., Zhang, P., Walker, E., Birke, L., Amedee, A., Stouwe, C. V., Troxclair, D., McGoey, R., Varner, K., Byerley, L., & LaMotte, L. (2011). Cannabinoid administration attenuates the progression of simian immunodeficiency virus. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 27(6), 585–592. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2010.0218 Munckhof, W. J., Konstantinos, A., Wamsley, M., Mortlock, M., & Gilpin, C. (2003). A cluster of tuberculosis associated with use of a marijuana water pipe. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 7(9), 860–865. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12971670/ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017 Jan 12. https://doi.org/10.17226/24625 National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019). What are marijuana's effects on lung health? https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/what-are-marijuanas-effects-lung-health Papatheodorou, S. I., Buettner, H., Rice, M. B., & Mittleman, M. A. (2016). Recent marijuana use and associations with exhaled nitric oxide and pulmonary function in adults in the united states. Chest, 149(6), 1428-1435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2015.12.033 Patel, V., Borysenko, M., Kumar, M. S. A., & Millard, W.J. (1985). Effects of acute and subchronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration on the plasma catecholamine, β-endorphin, and corticosterone levels and splenic natural killer cell activity in rats. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 180(2), 400–404. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-180-42195 Pletcher, M. 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Pulmonary effects of inhaled cannabis smoke. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 45(6), 596-609. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1627366 Taylor, D. R., Fergusson, D. M., Milne, B. J., Horwood, L. J., Moffitt, T. E., Sears, M. R., & Poulton, R. (2002). A longitudinal study of the effects of tobacco and cannabis exposure on lung function in young adults. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 97(8), 1055–1061. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00169.x Tetrault, J.M., Crothers, K., Moore, B.A., Mehra, R., Concato, & J., Fiellin, D.A. (2007). Effects of marijuana smoking on pulmonary function and respiratory complications: A systematic review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(3), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.3.221 Thu, K., Hayes, M., Miles, S., Tierney, L., & Foy, A. (2013). Marijuana 'bong' smoking and tuberculosis. Internal Medicine Journal, 43(4), 456–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.12089 Van Dam, N. T., & Earleywine, M. (2010). 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  • Cannabis consumer protections and safety in Canada
    Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario. (n.d.). First allocation of stores - Expression of interest lottery. https://www.agco.ca/cannabis/cannabis-retail-lottery Cannabis Act (S.C. 2018, c. 16). https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-24.5/ Cannabis Regulations (SOR/2018-144). https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Regulations/SOR-2018-144/index.html  CDPE. (2020, October 14). Canada’s legal cannabis industry lacks diversity, a new policy brief by the centre on drug policy evaluation and the university of toronto finds. https://cdpe.org/canadas-legal-cannabis-industry-lacks-diversity/#:~:text=The%20new%20policy%20brief%20found,%2C%20and%201%25%20Latinx). Government of Canada. (2016, December 13). A framework for the legalization and regulation of cannabis in canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/task-force-cannabis-legalization-regulation/framework-legalization-regulation-cannabis-in-canada.html#a2.2 Government of Canada. (2019). Final regulations: Edible cannabis, cannabis extracts, cannabis topicals. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/documents/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/final-regulations-edible-cannabis-extracts-topical-eng.pdf Government of Canada. (2019, December 23). Summary of results for the canadian student tobacco, alcohol and drugs survey 2018-19. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-student-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey/2018-2019-summary.html Government of Canada. (2019, June 14). Directory of nutrition facts table formats for edible cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/regulations-support-cannabis-act/directory-nutrition-facts-table-formats-edible.html Government of Canada. (2019, November 5). The cannabis act and cannabis regulations: Promotion prohibitions. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/promotion-prohibitions.html Government of Canada. (2020). Canadian cannabis survey 2020: Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a4 Government of Canada. (2021). Authorized cannabis retailers in the provinces and territories. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/provinces-territories.html Government of Canada. (2021, February 3). Cannabis legalization and regulation. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/cannabis/ Health Canada. (2018). Cannabis public education activities. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/news/2018/06/cannabis-public-education-activities.html Health Canada, Cannabis Legalization and Regulation Branch. (2018). Promotion prohibitions under the cannabis act. https://commb.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/25152254/Cannabis_Act_Promotion_Prohibitions_EN.pdf Lisdahl, K. M., Gilbart, E. R., Wright, N. E., & Shollenbarger, S. (2013). Dare to delay? The impacts of adolescent alcohol and marijuana use onset on cognition, brain structure, and function. Frontiers in psychiatry, 4, 53. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00053 Pfeffer, A. (2019, November 13). Pot producers implore ontario to open more stores. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/pot-producers-implore-ontario-open-stores-1.5357101 Rotermann, M. (2020, February 19). What has changed since cannabis was legalized? Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2020002/article/00002-eng.htm Solowij, N., Jones, K. A., Rozman, M. E., Davis, S. M., Ciarrochi, J., Heaven, P. C., Lubman, D. I., & Yücel, M. (2011). Verbal learning and memory in adolescent cannabis users, alcohol users and non-users. Psychopharmacology, 216(1), 131–144.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2203-x Tobacco and Vaping Products Act, S.C. 1997, c. 13. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/t-11.5/
  • What is CBD
    Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Martín-Santos, R., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., McGuire, P., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2009). Cannabis and anxiety: A critical review of the evidence. Human Psychopharmacology, 24(7), 515-523. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1048 Darkovska-Serafimovska, M., Serafimovska, T., Arsova-Sarafinovska, Z., Stefanoski, S., Keskovski, Z., & Balkanov, T. (2018). Pharmacotherapeutic considerations for use of cannabinoids to relieve pain in patients with malignant diseases. Journal of Pain Research, 11, 837-842. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S160556 Government of Canada. (2018, October 17). About cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/about.html Grinspoon, P. (2020, September 24). Cannabidiol (cbd)-What we know and what we don’t. Harvard Health Publishing. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cannabidiol-cbd-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-2018082414476 Guimarães, F. S., Chiaretti, T. M., Graeff, F. G., and Zuardi, A. W. (1990). Antianxiety effect of cannabidiol in the elevated plus-maze. Psychopharmacology, 100(4), 558–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244012 How cbd can be taken: 4 different delivery methods. (2020). Phytoextractum. https://www.phytoextractum.com/resources/how-cbd-can-be-taken-4-different-delivery-methods/ Leweke, F. M., Piomelli, D., Pahlisch, F., Muhl, D., Gerth, C. W., Hoyer, C., Klosterkötter, J., Hellmich, M., & Koethe, D. (2012). Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Translational Psychiatry, 2(3), e94-e94. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.15 Lowe, D. J. E., Sasiadek, J. D., Coles, A. S., & George, T. P. (2019). Cannabis and mental illness: A review. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 269(1), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-018-0970-7 McGuire, P., Robson, P., Cubala, W. J., Vasile, D., Morrison, P. D., Barron, R., Taylor, A., & Wright, S. (2018). Cannabidiol (cbd) as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(3), 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030325 Pearson, J., Martin, A., Horgan, K., Wittreich, J., Gertz, B., & Lindley, C. (2000). Vomiting-and nausea-specific quality of life in patients with acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced emesis. Quality of Life Research, 9(3), 296-296. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4036294 Rexaline, S. (2019, March 7). Cbd vs. thc: The science behind most popular cannabinoids. Benzinga. https://www.benzinga.com/markets/cannabis/19/03/13312269/cbd-vs-thc-the-science-behind-the-most-popular-cannabinoids?utm_sq=g0v89su8hc&utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ParkAmerican&utm_content=NewsArticles Shannon, S., & Opila-Lehman, J. (2016). Effectiveness of cannabidiol oil for pediatric anxiety and insomnia as part of posttraumatic stress disorder: A case report. Permanente Journal, 20(4), 16-005. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/16-005
  • Importance of set and setting
    Browne, J. (2016). How to smoke weed for maximum enjoyment: Tips for first-timers. The Cannabist. https://www.thecannabist.co/2016/10/07/how-to-smoke-weed-tips-enjoying-first-high/60322/ Dalgarno, P., & Shewan, D. (2005). Reducing the risks of drug use: The case for set and setting. Addiction Research & Theory, 13(3), 259-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350500053562 Fagan, J. (1993). Set and setting revisited: Influences of alcohol and illicit drugs on the social context of violent events. Alcohol and Interpersonal Violence: Fostering Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 93, 161-191. https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZYNHAAAAMAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA161&ots=hP-mvJ4t5B&sig=ghOAlNSJ5c-515ohlb9ogd7XVxY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Goulding, C., Shankar, A., Elliott, R., & Canniford, R. (2009). The marketplace management of illicit pleasure. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(5), 759-771. https://doi.org/10.1086/592946 Haijen, E. C., Kaelen, M., Roseman, L., Timmermann, C., Kettner, H., Russ, S., Nutt, D., Daws, R. E., Hampshire, A. D. G., Lorenz, R., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018). Predicting responses to psychedelics: A prospective study. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 897. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00897 Hartogsohn, I. (2017). Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting. Drug Science, Policy and Law. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325 Janikian, M. (2020). Why don’t we talk about “Set and setting” when it comes to cannabis? Merry Jane. https://merryjane.com/culture/why-dont-we-talk-about-set-and-setting-when-it-comes-to-cannabis Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S., & Murphy, S. (2015a). A safer alternative: Cannabis substitution as harm reduction. Drug and Alcohol Review, 34(6), 654-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12275 Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S., & Murphy, S. (2015b). Responsible and controlled use: Older cannabis users and harm reduction. The International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(8), 709-718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.008 Leary, T., Litwin, G. H., & Metzner, R. (1963). Reactions to psilocybin administered in a supportive environment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 137(6), 561-573. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-196312000-00007 Mason, N. L., Dolder, P. C., & Kuypers, K. P. (2020). Reported effects of psychedelic use on those with low well-being given various emotional states and social contexts. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 6, 2050324519900068. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324519900068 McElrath, K., & McEvoy, K. (2002). Negative experience on ecstasy: The role of drug, set and setting. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 34(2), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2002.10399954 Metzner, R., & Leary, T. (1967). On programming psychedelic experiences. Psychedelic Review, 9, 5-19. https://maps.org/research-archive/psychedelicreview/n09/n09005met.pdf Monshouwer, K., Van Laar, M., Vollebergh, W. A. (2011). Buying cannabis in ‘coffee shops’. Drug and Alcohol Review, 30(2), 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00268.x Neitzke-Spruill, L. (2020). Race as a component of set and setting: How experiences of race can influence psychedelic experiences. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 4(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.022 NORML. (1996). Principles of responsible cannabis use. https://norml.org/principles/ Schall, M., Kemeny, A., & Maltzman, I. (1992). Factors associated with alcohol use in university students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53(2), 122-136. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1992.53.122 Schlag, A. K., Hindocha, C., Zafar, R., Nutt, D. J., & Curran, H. V. (2021). Cannabis based medicines and cannabis dependence: A critical review of issues and evidence. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35(7), 773-785. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120986393 Shewan, D., Dalgarno, P., & Reith, G. (2000). Perceived risk and risk reduction among ecstasy users: The role of drug, set, and setting. International Journal of Drug Policy, 10(6), 431-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(99)00038-9 Skliamis, K., Benschop, A., Liebregts, N., & Korf, D. J. (2021). Where, when and with whom: Cannabis use, settings and self-regulation rules. Contemporary Drug Problems, 48(3), 241-259. https://doi.org/10.1177/00914509211033921 Zinberg, N. E. (1984). Drug, set, and setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use. Yale University Press.
  • Impact of price, public health information, socialization and social stigma on drug use
    Adlaf, E. M., Hamilton, H. A., Wu, F., & Noh, S. (2009). Adolescent stigma towards drug addiction: Effects of age and drug use behaviour. Addictive Behaviors, 34(4), 360–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.11.012 Botvin, G. J., & Griffin, K. W. (2007). School-based programmes to prevent alcohol, tobacco and other drug use. International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 19(6), 607–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260701797753 Bränström, R., Sjöström, E., & Andréasson, S. (2007). Individual, group and community risk and protective factors for alcohol and drug use among swedish adolescents. European Journal of Public Health, 18(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckm038 Chaloupka, F. J., Grossman, M., & Saffer, H. (2002). The effects of price on alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. Alcohol Research & Health: The Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 26(1), 22–34. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12154648/ Chaloupka, F. J., & Wechsler, H. (1996). Binge drinking in college: The impact of price, availability, and alcohol control policies. Contemporary Economic Policy, 14(4), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1996.tb00638.x Farrelly, M. C., Bray, J. W., Zarkin, G. A., & Wendling, B. W. (2001). The joint demand for cigarettes and marijuana: Evidence from the national household surveys on drug abuse. Journal of Health Economics, 20(1), 51–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(00)00067-9 Grossman, M. (2005). Individual behaviours and substance use: The role of price. In B. lindgren & M. grossman (Eds.), Substance Use: Individual Behaviour, Social Interactions, Markets and Politics. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-2199(05)16002-6 Grossman, M., Chaloupka, F. J., Saffer, H., & Laixuthai, A. (1994). Effects of alcohol price policy on youth: A summary of economic research. Journal of Research on Adolescence (Lawrence Erlbaum), 4(2), 347–364. https://doi.org/10.3386/w4385 Hathaway, A. D., Comeau, N. C., & Erickson, P. G. (2011). Cannabis normalization and stigma: Contemporary practices of moral regulation. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 11(5), 451–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895811415345 Kuo, M., Wechsler, H., Greenberg, P., & Lee, H. (2003). The marketing of alcohol to college students: The role of low prices and special promotions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25(3), 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(03)00200-9 Leverett, M., Ashe, M., Gerard, S., Jenson, J., & Woollery, T. (2002). Tobacco use: The impact of prices. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 30(3), 88–95. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12508509/ Parker, H., & Egginton, R. (2002). Adolescent recreational alcohol and drugs careers gone wrong: developing a strategy for reducing risks and harms. International Journal of Drug Policy, 13(5), 419–432. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(02)00154-8 Rhodes, W., Johnston, P., Han, S., McMullen, Q., & Hozik, L. (2000). Illicit drugs: Price elasticity of demand and supply. Abt Associates. Stockwell, T., Zhao, J., Giesbrecht, N., Macdonald, S., Thomas, G., & Wettlaufer, A. (2012). The raising of minimum alcohol prices in saskatchewan, canada: Impacts on consumptionand implications for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 102(12), e103–e110. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301094 van Ours, J. C., & Williams, J. (2007). Cannabis prices and dynamics of cannabis use. Journal of Health Economics, 26(3), 578–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2006.10.001 Xu, X., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2011). The effects of prices on alcohol use and its consequences. Alcohol Research & Health : The Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 34(2), 236–245. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22330223
  • How to buy cannabis and how to read a cannabis label
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  • Effects of cannabis use on driving
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  • Mental health and cannabis
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  • Overconsumption of cannabis
    Ashton, C. H. (2001). Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: A brief review. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 178(2), 101-106. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.2.101 Aurora. (n.d.). What to do if you green out. https://www.auroramedical.com/blogs/news/what-to-do-if-you-green-out Brust, J. C. (1993). Other agents. Phencyclidine, marijuana, hallucinogens, inhalants, and anticholinergics. Neurologic Clinics, 11(3), 555-561. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8377742/ Canadian Nurses Association. (2017). Harm reduction for non-medical cannabis use. https://hl-prod-ca-oc-download.s3-ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/CNA/2f975e7e-4a40-45ca-863c-5ebf0a138d5e/UploadedImages/documents/Harm_Reduction_for_Non_Medical_Cannabis_Use.pdf Cao, D., Srisuma, S., Bronstein, A. C., & Hoyte, C. O. (2016). Characterization of edible marijuana product exposures reported to united states poison centers. 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  • Cannabis myths
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  • Alternatives to smoking cannabis
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  • Ways to reduce harm
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  • Planning your consumption
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The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/251056 World Health Organization (WHO). (2016). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems - Tenth revision (ICD-10). https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/246208/9789241549165-V3-eng.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
  • Why people use drugs
    Abelman, D. D. (2017). Mitigating risks of students use of study drugs through understanding motivations for use & applying harm reduction theory: A literature review. Harm Reduction Journal, 14(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0194-6 Ali, S., Mouton, C. P., Jabeen, S., Ofoemezie, E. K., Bailey, R. K., Shahid, M., & Zeng, Q. (2011). Early detection of illicit drug use in teenagers. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 8(12), 24–28. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257983/ Arria, A. M., & DuPont, R. L. (2010). Nonmedical prescription stimulant use among college students: Why we need to do something and what we need to do. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 29(4), 417-426. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2010.509273 Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. (n.d.). Canadian centre on substance abuse. https://www.ccsa.ca/ Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. (2014). The canadian standards for youth substance abuse prevention: An overview. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-05/2014-CCSA-Canadian-Standards-Youth-Substance-Abuse-Prevention-Overview-en.pdf Department of Justice. (2018, September 26). National anti-drug strategy evaluation. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cp-pm/eval/rep-rap/12/nas-sna/p4.html Fischer, B. (2005). Substance abuse in canada: Current challenges and choices. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, 11–12. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-04/ccsa-004032-2005.pdf Gaetz, S. (2014). Harm reduction. Homeless Hub. https://www.homelesshub.ca/solutions/supports/harm-reduction Mitra, S., & Globerman, J. (2016). Engaging law enforcement in harm reduction programs for people who inject drugs. Ontario HIV Treatment Network. http://www.ohtn.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/rr109_law-enforcement-harm-reduction.pdf Public Health England. (2015). The international evidence on the prevention of drug and alcohol use. https://healtheducationresources.unesco.org/library/documents/international-evidence-prevention-drug-and-alcohol-use-summary-and-examples Shaw, A., Egan, J., & Gillespie, M. (2007). Drugs and poverty: A literature review. Scottish Drugs Forum. http://www.dldocs.stir.ac.uk/documents/drugpovertylitrev.pdf Spooner, C., & Hetherington, K. (2004). Social Determinants of Drug Use. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre. https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/ndarc/resources/TR.228.pdf United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP). (1995). The social impact of drug abuse. https://www.unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1995-03-01_1.pdf Vancouver Police Department. (2006). Vancouver police department drug policy. https://vancouver.ca/police/assets/pdf/reports-policies/vpd-policy-drug.pdf Warren, F. (2016, December). 'What works' in drug education and prevention? Scottish Government. http://www.edex.es/wp-content/uploads/What-works-in-prevention.pdf
  • How do I achieve my desired high?
    Like all drugs, the experience you have with cannabis is determined by a number of factors, including the drug's pharmacological makeup, where you're consuming, and the mindset you're in when consuming. Picking a specific product type (e.g. edible vs smoked), the right strain, and knowing how to use the bong, pipe, vape, or other device is important. At times you may prefer strains that are more psychologically stimulating and uplifting, and sometimes you may prefer strains that produce more relaxing effects (a better choice for more low-key activities). Different strains produce different effects, so it’s important to know how the intent of your consumption ties to the products you are purchasing. Speak to a budtender at a local dispensary, and they will help you find a strain that works for you and your desired outcome. But you should also consider where you are and with whom you're consuming. Using good quality cannabis in a low quality situation is going to impact how much you enjoy the experience.
  • What are set and setting?
    Before consuming any drugs, it is important to consider your ‘set and setting’. Set refers to your internal environment, including your mindset, expectations, intention, mood, and fears. Setting refers to your external environment, which is the physical, cultural, and social environment where consumption is taking place. Finding the right set and setting for you will ensure you achieve your desired experience.
  • Is it okay to consume cannabis in your adolescence?
    It is recommend that young consumers minimize consumption during adolescence or delay use altogether until their early 20s. Research suggests that frequent use in adolescence is associated with some potential mental health issues and cognitive impacts, though it appears that much of the potential cognitive impacts can go away if cannabis use is reduced or ceases. If you're going to consume cannabis as a teenager it is best to consume infrequently and to stay away from products that have very high levels of THC.
  • How risky is cannabis?
    Cannabis is not harmless, but it is relatively low risk. Understanding how to use cannabis safely, and what mental health risks might be present for you can help ensure a safe and enjoyable experience with cannabis.
  • Can your Setting (place) affect your cannabis high?
    Some like to consume in a social setting at parties, while others prefer consuming at home where they’re more comfortable. Considering your setting is important when planning your desired experience when consuming cannabis because it can have an effect on your comfort level.
  • What is the ideal setting for cannabis consumption?
    When consuming cannabis, it is important to consider how your mindset and the location of your consumption can affect your experience. Start with consuming around people you know and trust, like a close friend, and consuming in a comfortable, safe location. You should also make sure you are prepared for your consumption and are in a good mindset. Lastly, ensure you understand what to expect, and plan transportation for your ride home.
  • Is set and setting similar for all cannabis consumers?
    Consumers should determine where and why they prefer to consume, as this is different for everyone. Some people feel comfortable consuming socially at parties, while others are more comfortable at home with a smaller group of close friends. This is important to consider because set and setting consist of the behaviours, moods, and relationships among those present during consumption.
  • What are the different reasons for consuming cannabis?
    There are many reasons someone chooses to consume cannabis. Some consume socially to make activities more enjoyable, and others consume to improve their health (such as relieving chronic pain or digestive problems). All reasons are valid, but it’s important the decision comes from you as your intent greatly impacts your experience.
  • What is the most common form of cannabis consumption?
    74% of cannabis consumption is in the form of dried bud. It can be purchased legally from local dispensaries across Canada in various strains and potencies. Dried cannabis is mainly consumed via smoking methods such as bongs, joints, and pipes, or more minimally harmful methods such as vaporizers. Smoking cannabis presents few respiratory risks for infrequent consumers, but if you are consuming smoked products frequently you may want to consider alternative methods. A dry-herb vaporizer will still allow you to consume flower, have quick onset, and enjoy the taste of good cannabis, but ensures there are fewer combusted materials entering the lungs.
  • Is cannabis completely harmless?
    Cannabis is not a harmless drug, but it is relatively harmless. The overwhelming majority of people that consume cannabis do so without problems to their mental or physical health, but some people do experience issues, and these issues are more likely to appear in very frequent consumers. This doesn't mean that all, or even most, frequent consumers will experience any sort of problem, but we need to acknowledge there are some risks and take steps to mitigate those risks.
  • How do I avoid having a bad experience with cannabis?
    Start low, go slow. This means start with a low dose, and don't take too much at once. Edibles take a while to kick in, but inhaled cannabis takes effect rather quickly. In either case you want to give yourself sufficient time to know how high you are before deciding whether to have more. Being high feels quite nice if you're are the level of being high that you intended, but can be uncomfortable if you miss the mark. Start low, go slow.
  • If you're using cannabis everyday are you addicted?
    When talking about problematic drug use we tend to talk about dependency, not addiction, and we can't base dependency simply on how much cannabis someone consumes. Dependency is assessed by things like whether a person continues to use cannabis despite it causing them physical or psychological problems, whether they have problems at work or school due to their cannabis consumption, and several other factors. But frequency of use alone is not a good marker for whether someone has a cannabis use disorder of some kind.
  • Is cannabis laced with Fentanyl or other drugs?
    No. There are no credible reports of cannabis being laced with other drugs by dealers trying to get people high, and even if there was accidental contamination the burning of cannabis would most likely make the Fentanyl useless. The repeated use of this myth is an attempt to stigmatize people who use drugs and relies on classic fear-based approaches to drugs issues.
  • Can you overdose on cannabis?
    No. You can have a very unpleasant experience if you overconsume cannabis, but you can't die from overconsumption.
  • Does cannabis improve driving performance?
    While cannabis may not have the same effect on driving performance as alcohol or even severe sleep deprivation, driving while high is less safe than driving sober, particularly for people who are less frequent cannabis consumers. It's a myth that people drive better when they're high, but recent research suggests most cannabis consumers don't ever get behind the wheel when high, or even in a car with someone driving who is high.
  • Can you get addicted to cannabis the first time you try it?
    No. About 9% of people who consume cannabis will experience some sort of dependency or misuse issue with cannabis, but that does not happen the first or even second time you try it. Dependency on cannabis, like any other drug, is a process that evolves and is shaped by a number of factors in a person's life.
  • Does smoking cannabis make you dumber?
    No. While you're high you may not have good memory recall, but those effects are temporary. Research into the harms of cannabis was widely promoted during the century of prohibition, often ignoring potential benefits to cannabis consumption.
  • Will you get high the first time you try cannabis?
    Many assume they will not feel the effects of cannabis when consuming it for the first time. This is not necessarily true as everyone’s experience is different. It is important to be mindful of factors that can impact your first-time experience, including the possibility that the cannabis was not consumed properly, that the dosage was too low, or the unfamiliarity of what being ‘high’ feels like.
  • How can you reduce harm when inhaling cannabis?
    Those who prefer smoking cannabis should avoid holding the smoke in their lungs for extended periods of time because doing so will increase the inhalation of tar and other toxic substances into the lungs. A simple inhale and exhale is all you need, as studies have found that the duration of inhalation has minimal impact on the amount of THC absorbed and resulting effects.
  • Can cannabis consumption affect your brain cells?
    This is a commonly believed myth, however, there is no solid evidence supporting the idea that cannabis kills brain cells. In fact, research suggests that cannabinoids can, in some instances, protect brain cells, promote the generation of cells, and prevent brain damage. It is still important to be aware of the minimal risks associated with regular heavy cannabis use and brain function in relation to attention, memory, and cognitive/motor functioning. Limited term impacts on brain function have been observed, but these are often related to the period while someone is actively high, and are not a sign of brain cells dying.
  • Is cannabis a gateway drug?
    The idea that cannabis causes people to use other drugs has not been supported by any scientific examination. Many people first consume cannabis as it is relatively easy to obtain and easy to learn to use. Additionally, the idea that drugs other than cannabis are somehow 'harder' or worse, is less about science and more about creating stigma and fear about people who use drugs.
  • Can cannabis consumption affect your motivation?
    There is a common assumption that frequent cannabis consumption can decrease your motivation. Studies that report decreased motivation or activity tend to miss other factors that can affect an individual’s level of motivation, such as their predisposition to anxiety and depression, or the use of other substances such as alcohol. These are crucial factors to consider when analyzing your cannabis consumption.
  • Is there a relationship between cannabis and depression?
    Some individuals who struggle with depression and have low levels of serotonin use cannabis to treat their symptoms. Research has shown that high doses of THC may increase depressive symptoms, whereas low doses of THC may increase serotonin levels and act as an antidepressant. Cannabis use in general has been associated with more depressive symptoms, but that does not mean cannabis causes depression. If you're feeling depressed, cannabis may or may not help you, and you should discuss your symptoms and potential treatment plans with a doctor or therapist.
  • Does cannabis cause psychosis?
    There's no conclusive evidence that cannabis causes psychosis. There is some evidence that there's a correlation between heavy cannabis use and psychosis, but this does not mean cannabis causes psychosis. The relationship between the two things is incredibly complicated.
  • Is cannabis consumption for everyone?
    Some people use cannabis to help relieve symptoms of mental health conditions, whereas for others it has the opposite effect. It is important to learn how your body reacts to specific products, strains, and consumption methods. Some people can consume cannabis every day and have no problems whatsoever, but others may experience a range of potential mental and physical health issues. That's why it is important to regularly check in with yourself about your cannabis use and identify if and how it is working for your intended purposes.
  • Can cannabis serve as a harm reduction tool?
    Many individuals use cannabis as a substitution for other drugs and alcohol. Studies indicate that cannabis has potential harm reduction benefits and may serve as an effective method of reducing harms associated with alcohol, drugs, and prescription medication. Individuals who used cannabis as a substitute for these substances reported better symptom management, fewer adverse side effects, and less withdrawal potential.
  • What is the relationship between cannabis and mental health?
    It has been said that cannabis only has negative effects on a person’s mental health, however, it is important to be aware of the role that genetic predisposition, frequency of consumption, and the method of consumption plays in impacting mental health conditions. Most individuals who use cannabis will never develop mental health conditions as there is no evidence of a direct correlation. Many people report that cannabis has positive impacts on their mental health, but this is too often ignored when discussing cannabis.
  • Is vaping cannabis a good alternative to smoking it?
    Vaping cannabis reduces the number of combusted materials inhaled, making it a better option to minimize the risk of potential respiratory health issues, particularly for frequent cannabis consumers.
  • Is vaping cannabis more practical than smoking it?
    Vaping cannabis produces minimal odor in comparison to smoking cannabis, and there are several therapeutic benefits - including easier facilitation of correct dosage, and faster/longer-lasting effects.
  • What if I'm not enjoying cannabis as much as I used to?
    Frequent consumption of cannabis can come with some risks, including issues of dependency. How you're engaging with cannabis matters.
  • What should you look for when buying a cannabis product?
    There are 2 amounts listed for THC and CBD content on labels – the first indicates the potency level in the cannabis when purchased, and the second, listed as ‘total THC’ or ‘total CBD’, indicate the potency levels when consumed. It's important to remember that higher THC content indicates a stronger cannabis product, resulting in more intensive psychoactive effects. Higher THC content may be good because it will reduce the amount of cannabis you need to consume, but CBD and other cannabinoids are important parts of cannabis that round out the experience. Too much THC can be uncomfortable for some people. The Ontario Cannabis Store has a great page on how to read a cannabis label
  • Should you buy regulated cannabis products?
    Legal cannabis products can be purchased from authorized retailers with the help of budtenders. Legal cannabis products are required to come in child-proof packaging. Unlike illegal products, legal cannabis producers are required to have a clear description of its contents on the label. These producers are strictly monitored, and their products undergo strict testing for toxic and harmful substances in licensed laboratories to ensure your safety.
  • Should I buy Indica or Sativa
    Cannabis is an incredibly complex drug, especially compared to alcohol. No matter what kind of alcohol you consume, whether beer, or wine, or whiskey, you're consuming the same drug; ethyl-alcohol. But with cannabis you're dealing with many different cannabinoids, including the two most well researched, THC and CBD. The type of cannabis (e.g. Sativa vs Indica) doesn't actually tell you all that much about the product or the experience you'll have. The old saying of Indica putting you in-da-couch simply doesn't hold up under scientific examination. More important are the cannabinoids and terpenes present in the specific product you consume.
  • Do tolerance breaks actually work?
    Frequent consumption of cannabis can lead to an increased tolerance; that is to say that you'll need more to achieve the same level of intoxication. A simple way to deal with this is to not consume cannabis for a few weeks.
  • What if I'm just consuming a lot of cannabis regularly but not greening out?
    Consuming cannabis regularly is not, by itself, a problem. If you're consuming frequently you should be mindful that smoked products pose the highest risk for respiratory issues, and high THC products pose the highest risk for negative mental health issues. But these risks can be reduced by simple actions like using a dry-herb vape instead of a joint, or using cannabis with a more balanced profile of THC to CBD. Additionally you can consider taking breaks from cannabis for short periods. This will help reduce tolerance levels and means you have to consume less to achieve the same high.
  • What's the safest way to consume cannabis edibles?
    The ‘start low and go slow’ harm reduction method. Begin with edibles with a low THC content and wait 30-90 minutes prior to observing the effects and deciding whether to consume more. This helps you learn how your body reacts to the edible and prevents overconsumption.
  • How long does it take for edibles to kick in?
    Edibles take longer to take effect than inhaled cannabis, and you should expect to have to wait at least 45 minutes to feel any effect, and potentially up to two hours. Things like the dose, how much you've eaten, and other factors all impact the timing, so don't assume it'll always be the same amount of time before you feel anything. Start low, go slow.
  • Do edibles produce the same effects as smoking cannabis?
    Edibles have a delayed onset time, ranging from 30-90 minutes, with maximum effects taking place around 2-6 hours and lasting for approximately 4-12 hours. Smoking cannabis causes psychotropic effects that last for only 2-3 hours.
  • What should you know prior to consuming cannabis concentrates?
    Cannabis concentrates, such as oil and shatter, contain a much higher THC potency than dried flower. They are not recommended for new consumers as they produce a more intense high and carry a greater risk of overconsumption. Some long-time cannabis consumers prefer concentrates to dried flower because they can achieve a similar high with fewer inhales.
  • What is "Greening out"?
    'Greening out’ is a phrase for cannabis overconsumption which can cause you to feel unpleasant, but is not fatal. Side effects include nausea/vomiting, fast pulse, dizziness, and more. These symptoms are temporary and only last for a few hours depending on many factors, such as dose. Use the ‘start low, go slow’ method to avoid having an unpleasant experience.
  • Can I just eat some cannabis buds to get high?
    No. THC is not in the proper form for your body to actually make use of it get high. In most cases you need to heat the THC to have it undergo decarboxylation (decarbing) so that you'll actually get high off the THC. You can eat some dried cannabis if you want, but you're just wasting good cannabis at that point.
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